Recent debate about the relative lack of women in top management positions in the world of work has thrown down the gauntlet to educators. In the UK, the Women’s Business Council recently observed that the issue lies not in the boardroom but in the “talent pipeline”, arguing that a key task is to broaden girls’ skills, aspirations and job choices before the start of their working lives.

So what is going wrong at school? On the surface, nothing. Across the world, girls are outperforming boys at school and then at university, and yet this superiority is not translating into sustained success in the world of work. From politics to the police service, men outstrip women in terms of salaries and representation at the top of management.

But what if the very strategies that bring women success at school stand in the way of career progression? In the words of US businesswomen Whitney Johnson and Tara Mohr in the Harvard Business Review: “The very skills that propel women to the top of the class in school are earning us middle-of-the-pack marks in the workplace.”

In a recent article in The Atlantic magazine, politics editor Garance Franke-Ruta writes: “The behaviours that school rewards - studying, careful preparation, patient climbing from one level to the next - seem to give women an advantage academically, judging by the fact that they get higher grades than men.

“Yet... out in the work world, people hire and promote based on personality as much as on formal qualifications, and very often networking can trump grinding away.”

Are we doing girls a long-term disservice by defining their performance in terms of their compliance to expectations of behaviour and work that reflect, reinforce and reproduce differences between the genders?

Inspection reports on girls’ schools in England betray gendered judgements when they commend girls’ manners and politeness, and even the neatness of their work, in terms that would seem odd if applied to boys. One report commended a girls’ school in which “written work is completed to a high standard, well developed and also very neat”.

As testing in schools becomes ever more standardised, modularised and tick-box in form, we run the risk of inadvertently encouraging girls in their typically more measured, stepwise approach to tasks. When we give higher marks to essays that show balance and give equal weight to opposing arguments, and praise girls who shine in set-piece performances, recitations and productions, we could be setting them up to fail when they face more competitive, combative situations such as interviews for selective universities. Some years ago, a study of history at the University of Cambridge pointed to the way in which the selection process favoured boys, by preferring broad generalisation and advocacy to balanced and careful judgement.

Learning to be ‘disruptive’

Expectations of girls seem to differ from those of boys, in ways that increase the gulf between school and work. As Johnson and Mohr point out, work isn’t school. They propose that “disruption is a proven path to success” and suggest that girls adapt their school behaviour by: figuring out how to challenge and influence authority; preparing well but also learning to improvise; finding effective forms of self-promotion; welcoming a less prescribed career path; and aiming to be respected, not just liked.

“Disruptiveness” isn’t, of course, a particularly valued attribute in schools, but it is not so very far from those of resourcefulness, resilience, enterprise, adventurousness, risk-taking, determination, standing up for yourself, leadership and connectivity, which good schools do indeed seek to encourage and develop in girls. It is not just what is taught at school but also how it is taught that is of long-term importance.

Evidence shows that, in mixed settings, many girls behave differently and make different choices from those they would make in the absence of boys. For example, research shows that girls are more likely to join, but less likely to lead, extra-curricular activities in co-educational schools. In terms of subject choice, studies have shown that women who attended girls’ schools are more likely to study stereotypically male subjects such as mathematics, physics and chemistry at school and university.

But there is a common misconception that teaching girls separately is intended to protect them, to provide an educational bubble wrap. In fact, girls’ schools and girls-only settings are well-positioned to subvert, rather than support and reproduce, gender stereotypes and gender-stereotypical behaviour. Many have taken up the task of imagining and realising the power of learning environments that challenge and equip girls to assert themselves and aspire.

Last term, for example, one school held a “Blow Your Own Trumpet Week”, challenging the assumption that it is bad for girls to shout about their successes. Another trialled lessons in improvised comedy as a novel way of building confidence and encouraging students to think on their feet.

Of course, encouragement of “misbehaviour” should only go so far: we wouldn’t want to motivate students to not value academic success. But disruptiveness - as in the willingness to question, suggest alternatives, challenge, take risks, adapt and lead - can be very empowering.

Dr Kevin Stannard is director of innovation and learning at the Girls’ Day School Trust, a network of private schools in England and Wales.