A Stack is a linear data structure that follows the Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) principle. Think of a pile of plates: you can only add or remove from the top. Primary Operations: • Push: Adds an element to the top of the stack. • Pop: Removes and returns the top element. • Peek/Top: Returns the top element without removing it. • isEmpty: A boolean check to see if the stack contains data, essential for avoiding underflow errors. • isFull: Checks if a fixed-size stack (like one implemented with an array) has reached its capacity to prevent overflow errors.

IB Computer Science B 2.2 Data Structures

This presentation explores the concept of data compression, explaining its purpose in reducing file size for efficient storage and transmission. It differentiates between lossy and lossless compression, highlighting that lossless methods allow perfect reconstruction of original data, while lossy methods sacrifice some quality for greater size reduction. Various compressed file types are discussed, including MP3 and MP4 for audio and video, JPEG, PNG, and GIF for images, noting their respective compression techniques and suitability. The document also details Run Length Encoding (RLE) as a specific lossless compression algorithm, demonstrating its application and limitations, and touches on codecs as programs that facilitate compression and decompression.

This presentation provides a foundational understanding of data storage measurement, beginning with the smallest units: bits, nibbles, and bytes, clarifying their relationships and how they represent values. It explains the calculation of maximum values and the number of different values achievable with a given number of bits. The document also differentiates between decimal-based prefixes (like kilobyte) and binary prefixes (like kibibyte), emphasizing the importance of using the latter for precise measurements in computing to avoid ambiguity. Finally, it includes practical exercises to reinforce the concepts of bit-to-byte conversion and storage capacity calculations.

The presentation provides an introduction to digital images, primarily focusing on bitmap graphics. It explains how pixels, which are tiny dots, form these images and how color depth, measured in bits, determines the number of colors each pixel can display. The document also covers image resolution, which relates to pixel density, and metadata, or embedded image information. Furthermore, it details how to calculate bitmap image file sizes based on dimensions and color depth, illustrating these concepts with examples and exercises involving binary data representation for images.

This lesson provides a comprehensive overview of binary addition, explaining its fundamental rules and demonstrating the column method for calculation, similar to denary addition. It highlights the crucial concept of carrying over when a sum exceeds one in the base-2 system. Furthermore, the text addresses overflow errors, clarifying that these occur when a binary sum exceeds the storage capacity of a computer’s register, leading to data misrepresentation or loss. The document offers examples and exercises for practicing binary addition and provides a method for checking answers by converting them to denary.

This presentation explains how sound is digitally stored and processed by computers. It begins by defining key terms like amplitude, frequency, sample rate, and sample resolution, which are crucial for understanding sound properties. The text details the analogue-to-digital conversion process, outlining how continuous sound waves are transformed into discrete binary data through sampling, quantisation, and encoding. Furthermore, it explores the factors affecting audio quality, such as sampling rate and bit depth, and provides formulas for calculating audio file size. Finally, the document touches upon sound compression techniques, like those used in MP3s, to manage file sizes while maintaining perceived quality.

This educational material introduces two fundamental concepts in computer science: binary shifts and Two’s complement. It explains how binary shifting manipulates binary numbers by moving their bits left or right, effectively performing multiplication or division by powers of two. The document then details Two’s complement, a method for representing both positive and negative integers in binary, highlighting its importance for mathematical operations in computer systems. It provides clear instructions on how to convert denary numbers to their Two’s complement representation and vice-versa, alongside formulas for determining the range of values representable by unsigned and signed integers for a given number of bits.

The presentation introduces the concept of character sets, which are collections of symbols used in communication. It explains that characters are assigned numeric codes, allowing computers to process and display text. The document then details different character sets, starting with ASCII, a 7-bit system primarily for English, and its 8-bit extension, Extended ASCII, which includes more characters for European languages. Finally, it presents Unicode as a comprehensive, multi-bit standard designed to support all global languages and characters, contrasting its advantages of broad multilingual support against the disadvantages of increased memory usage and complexity compared to ASCII.

Overview of the hexadecimal number system, starting with its definition as a base-16 system and its representation of binary and denary numbers.

This educational material introduces the fundamental concepts of binary systems, explaining their significance in digital technology and how they differ from the familiar decimal system.

Non-profit moves records to cloud for remote access, real-time collaboration, better backup, and compliance, weighing security and privacy risks.

Scenario worksheet on biometric security in schools: explores fingerprint/face scans for access, privacy measures, challenges, and benefits for safety

This resource explores analog data’s continuous nature and digital data’s discrete, binary representation, covering their uses, pros, cons, and conversion.