T Level Health, Core B core science concepts. Template adapted from Canva. B1.1 The 3 principles of cell theory: • all living things are made up of one or more cells • cells are the most basic unit of structure and function in all living things • all cells are created by pre-existing cells B1.2 The different types of cells that make up living organisms: • eukaryotic cells (for example plant, yeast, algae and animals) • prokaryotic cells (for example bacteria)

T Level Health, Core B core science concepts. Template adapted from Canva. B1.18 The definition of an antigen and an antibody: • antigen - a substance that is recognised by the immune system as self or non-self and stimulates an immune response • antibody - a blood protein produced in response to, and counteracting, a specific antigen B1.19 The link between antigens and the initiation of the body’s response to invasion by a foreign substance: • antigens as chemical markers found on the surface of cells • ability of the body to recognise self and non-self-antigens • recognition of non-self-antigen leading to the initiation of an immune response

T Level Health, Core B core science concepts. Template adapted from Canva. B1.20 The role of non-specific and specific defences to protect the body against invasion from a foreign substance: • non-specific defences: o use of physical and chemical barriers o inflammation o phagocytosis • specific defences: o actions of T-cells o actions of B-cells B1.21 The differences between cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity including: • cell-mediated response is associated with T-lymphocytes destroying pathogens (causative agents) without producing antibodies • antibody-mediated response is associated with B-lymphocytes destroying pathogens (causative agents) by producing antibodies against it

T Level Health, Core B core science concepts. Template adapted from Canva. B1.22 The role of T and B memory cells in the secondary immune response: • they trigger a stronger and more rapid immune response after encountering the same antigen • role of vaccinations in relation to T and B memory cells

6 Powerpoints covering The Reproductive System for T Level Health, Core B further science concepts. Includes word documents containing card sort activities. PowerPoints contain independent tasks, exam tips and images credited to the T Level Health text book. Templates adapted from Canva. All content is adapted from my own knowledge, Google images, and T Level Health textbook. Reproductive system B2.26 The role of the components in performing the functions of reproductive systems: • the components of the female reproductive system: o ovaries o fallopian tube o uterus o cervix o vagina • the components of the male reproductive system: o penis o urethra o scrotum o testes o vas deferens o seminal vesicles o prostate • the functions of the relevant components within the male and female reproductive systems: o provides a mechanism for the survival of the species by producing offspring through the combination of eggs and sperm o the female reproductive system has 2 functions – to produce egg cells and to protect and nourish an offspring until birth o the male reproductive system has one function - to produce and deposit sperm B2.27 The role of hormones in the reproductive systems: • menstrual cycle regulation: o function of specific hormones: ▪ oestrogen ▪ progesterone ▪ FSH ▪ luteinising hormone (LH) o role of negative feedback mechanisms • the growth and development of female/male reproductive characteristics B2.28 The development, impact and management of endometriosis: • causes of the condition • impact on systems within the body and on physical and mental health • how common treatments relieve symptoms or cure the condition: o pain relief medication o hormone based treatments o surgery, to include laparoscopy and hysterectomy B2.29 The process of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) in the treatment of infertility: • the main stages of IVF treatment: o suppression of the natural menstrual cycle o stimulating the ovaries to produce more eggs o monitoring of progress o egg collection o egg fertilisation o embryo transfer • the role of hormones within main stages of IVF treatment: o FSH • factors affecting the number of embryos transferred: o age o IVF cycle o quality of embryos

1 PowerPoint covering cancer theory, for T Level Health Core B further science concepts. Templates adapted from Canva. All content is adapted from my own knowledge, Google images, and T Level Health textbook. Cancer B2.30 The difference between benign and malignant tumours: • benign – a tumour that is not cancerous, it will not invade nearby tissue or spread around the body • malignant – a tumour that is cancerous, it can invade nearby tissue and spread around the body Research project idea for: B2.31 The development, impact and management of cancer: • different types of cancer and how common treatments relieve symptoms: o invasive breast cancer: ▪ breast conserving surgery and mastectomy ▪ monoclonal antibody therapy ▪ chemotherapy ▪ radiotherapy ▪ talking therapies o thyroid cancer: ▪ thyroidectomy ▪ radioactive iodine treatment ▪ talking therapies o non-Hodgkin lymphoma: ▪ monoclonal antibody therapy ▪ chemotherapy ▪ radiotherapy ▪ talking therapies o acute myeloid leukaemia: ▪ chemotherapy ▪ bone marrow or stem cell transplants ▪ talking therapies o germ cell testicular cancer: ▪ surgical removal of affected testicle ▪ talking therapies • causes of the condition: o failure of cell cycle leading to cancer o role of mutation in the development of cancer o risk factors for different types of cancers • impact on systems within the body and on physical and mental health

3 Powerpoints covering The Integumentary System for T Level Health, Core B further science concepts. Includes 1 Powerpoint on exam technique for 12 mark questions. Templates adapted from Canva. All content is adapted from my own knowledge, Google images, and T Level Health textbook. Integumentary system B2.23 The role of the components in performing the functions of the integumentary system: • components of the integumentary system: o skin o hair o nails o exocrine glands • functions of relevant components of the integumentary system: o vitamin D synthesis o protection o cutaneous sensation o excretion B2.24 The components and processes involved in temperature regulation: • the role of the hypothalamus, sweat glands, arterioles and hair erector muscles • the effect of sweating and shivering on body temperature • the effect of vasoconstriction and vasodilation on body temperature B2.25 The development, impact and management of atopic eczema: • causes of the condition • impact on systems within the body and on physical and mental health • how common treatments relieve symptoms: o emollients o topical corticosteroids o dietary changes o environmental changes (for example avoiding pollen, allergens, dust) o behavioural changes (for example avoiding scratching and certain fabrics, soaps and detergents)

5 Powerpoints covering The Renal System for T Level Health, Core B further science concepts. Includes 2 Powerpoints on exam technique for 12 mark questions (one independent version for students to follow). Templates adapted from Canva. All content is adapted from my own knowledge, Google images, and T Level Health textbook. Renal system B2.20 The role of the components in performing the functions of the renal system: • components of the renal system: o kidney o nephron: ▪ Bowman’s capsule ▪ glomerulus ▪ proximal convoluted tubule ▪ loop of Henle ▪ distal convoluted tubule ▪ collecting duct o ureter o bladder o urethra • functions of the renal system: o removal of waste products from the body o process of urine production B2.21 The mechanism of osmoregulation: • the process of water reabsorption within the nephron via osmosis • the role of water potential B2.22 The development, impact and management of chronic kidney disease (CKD): • causes of the disease • impact on systems within the body and on physical and mental health • how common treatments relieve symptoms or cure the disease: o lifestyle changes to promote self-care and better health o dialysis o transplant

5 Powerpoints covering The Nervous System for T Level Health, Core B further science concepts. Includes a Powerpoint on exam technique for 12 mark questions. Templates adapted from Canva. All content is adapted from my own knowledge, Google images, and T Level Health textbook. B2.17 The role of the components in performing the functions of the nervous system: • components of the nervous system: o brain o spinal cord o sensory and motor neurones: ▪ dendrites, cell body, nucleus, axon, myelin sheath of Schwann cells, nodes of Ranvier, axon endings/terminals and synaptic ends o relay neurones o synapses • function of the relevant component of the nervous system: o sensory neurones carry impulses from receptors to the central nervous system (CNS) o motor neurones carry impulses away from the CNS to effectors o the process of synaptic transmission and the function of the components of a motor neurone B2.18 The mechanism of nerve impulses via neurones: • transmission of action potentials along neurones • mechanism of a reflex action B2.19 The development, impact and management of Parkinson’s disease: • causes of the disease • impact on systems within the body and on physical and mental health • how common treatments relieve symptoms: o supportive therapies o levodopa medication o surgery, to include deep brain stimulation

T Level Health, Core B further science concepts. Template adapted from Canva. • functions of relevant component within the musculoskeletal system: o skeleton – provides support, protection, attachment for muscles/ligaments, is a source of blood production and stores minerals o muscles – facilitate movement and provide support o the sliding filament theory of musculoskeletal function in terms of thick and thin filaments sliding over one another to bring about contraction and relaxation, and their working as antagonist pairs B2.2 The process of muscle contraction: • the stages of the sliding filament theory for muscle contraction: o the role of calcium ions and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in the formation of cross bridges between actin and myosin filaments o the role of ATP in breaking the cross bridge between the actin and myosin filaments o the role of ATPase in restoring the myosin head to its normal position o the repetition of this cycle leading to the shortening of the sarcomere B2.4 The development, impact and management of muscular dystrophy disease: • causes of the disease • impact on systems within the body and on physical and mental health • how common treatments relieve symptoms: o steroids o physiotherapy o low impact exercise o corrective surgery

3 Powerpoints and 1 table covering The Endocrine System + tasks for T Level Health, Core B further science concepts. Templates adapted from Canva.

2 Powerpoints covering The Respiratory System for T Level Health, Core B further science concepts. Templates adapted from Canva. Respiratory system B2.8 The role of the components in performing the functions of the respiratory system: • components of the respiratory system: o trachea o lungs o bronchi o bronchioles o alveoli o pleural membranes o ribs o intercostal muscles o diaphragm • functions of relevant components within the respiratory system: o inspiration and expiration, including pressure changes within the chest cavity o gas exchange B2.9 The role of the alveoli as a specialised exchange surface in the process of gas exchange: • how adaptation of the alveoli maximise the rate of diffusion: o large surface area to volume ratio o good blood supply o short diffusion distance o moisture levels o body temperature B2.10 The development, impact and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): • causes of the disease • impact on systems within the body and on physical and mental health • how common treatments relieve symptoms: o inhalers o steroids o lifestyle changes to promote self-care and better health o pulmonary rehabilitation o surgery

T Level Health, Core B core science concepts. Template adapted from Canva. Epidemiology and health promotion B1.25 The meaning of epidemiology and definitions of specific terminology that is used: • the meaning of epidemiology: o study and analysis of the distribution and patterns of disease in population and why they occur • specific terminology used in epidemiology: o incidence: ▪ occurrence of new cases of disease, injury, or other medical conditions over a specified time period o prevalence: ▪ the proportion of a population with a disease or a particular condition at a specific point in time o mortality: ▪ occurrence of death o mortality rate: ▪ the frequency of death in a population over a specified time period o morbidity: ▪ the state of having a disease or a medical condition B1.26 How epidemiology is used to provide information to plan and evaluate strategies to prevent disease: • how epidemiology is used: o identify the cause of disease o determine the extent of disease o identify trends and patterns of the incidence of the disease o study the progression of disease o plan and evaluate preventative and therapeutic measures for a disease or condition o develop public health policy and preventative measures B1.27 How health promotion helps to prevent the spread and control of disease and disorder: • communication: o raising awareness of required behaviours through a range of mediums (for example media campaigns) • policy and systems: o systematic change to procedures, regulations or law to enforce required behaviour (for example applying restrictions) • education programmes: o improving knowledge and empowering individuals to adapt own behaviour • health promotion for specific disease and disorders: o targeted awareness raising and campaigns

T Level Health, Core B core science concepts. Template adapted from Canva. B1.23 How the body reacts to injury and trauma: • injury: o defined as damage to the body caused by external force • how the body reacts as a response to injury: o involuntary inflammatory response o proliferation phase • trauma: o is defined as an injury that has the potential to cause disability or death • how the body responds to trauma: o involuntary inflammatory response o loss of organ function o bone structure deformity/damage/loss of structure o haemorrhaging o multi organ failure o ischemia o proliferation phase B1.24 The role and considerations of using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning in the detection and monitoring of trauma and injury: • role: o uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of inside the body • considerations of use: o patient medical history including medical implants containing magnetic metals o preparing the patient including the removal of all external metallic objects

T Level Health, Core B core science concepts. Template adapted from Canva. B1.28 The principles of homeostasis and how this links to maintaining the functions within the physiological systems which contributes to maintaining a healthy body: • principles of homeostasis: o receptors o effectors o feedback systems o role of nervous system o role of the endocrine system • how homeostasis contributes to maintaining a healthy body: o maintains stability and function of the physiological systems and cells when there are changes to internal and external conditions that would otherwise prevent enzymes from functioning normally B1.29 The normal expected ranges for physiological measurements and the factors which may affect these measurements: • normal expected ranges for physiological measurements: Physiological measurements Normal expected range for an adult aged 19 to 65 blood pressure systolic mmHg:90–120 diastolic mmHg:60–80 heart rate 60 to 100 beats per minute (bpm) respiratory rate at rest 12 to 20 breaths per minute (bpm) temperature 36 to 37.5°C • factors that contribute to measurements outside of normal parameters: o age o weight o exercise o sex o overall health

T Level Health, Core B core science concepts. Template adapted from Canva. B1.9 The properties and functions of enzymes that are determined by their tertiary structure: • properties: o the shape of the active site o the role of bonding o the effect of temperature on enzyme function • role of enzymes: o proteases including trypsin o carbohydrases including amylase o lipase

4 Powerpoints covering The Cardiovascular System for T Level Health, Core B further science concepts. Templates adapted from Canva. Cardiovascular system B2.5 The role of the components in performing the functions of the cardiovascular system: • components of the cardiovascular system: o mammalian heart: ▪ atria, ventricles, aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral value and aortic valve o arteries o veins o capillaries o blood made up of plasma, platelets, erythrocyte and leukocytes • the function of the components of the cardiovascular system: o the path blood would take around the human cardiovascular system B2.6 The process of the cardiac cycle: • the electrical activity of the heart (for example, PQRST waves) and how heart rate is controlled and regulated • pressure changes in the heart and blood vessels and how this is linked to blood pressure B2.7 The development, impact and management of coronary heart disease (CHD): • causes of the disease • impact on systems within the body and on physical and mental health • how common treatments relieve symptoms: o blood thinning medicines o statins o betablockers o lifestyle changes to promote self-care and better health o surgery, to include stents and transplant

T Level Health, Core B core science concepts. Template adapted from Canva. B1.14 The characteristics of key microorganisms: Types of microorganisms Average size of microorganism Type of cell bacterium 0.5 µm – 5 µm prokaryotic fungus 5 µm – 50 µm eukaryotic protist 1 µm – 2 mm eukaryotic virus 20 nm – 350 nm N/A B1.15 The definition and types of pathogen, including common types of conditions/disease caused by them: • pathogen: microorganism which are the causative agents of disease: Pathogen Condition/disease bacteria chlamydia, gonorrhoea, tuberculosis viruses common cold, mumps and measles fungi yeast infection (thrush) prions Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) protists malaria parasites toxoplasmosis B1.16 The different ways in which pathogens may enter the body: • direct transmission: o physical contact with an infected person or contaminated surface (for example skin-to-skin contact) o sharing of needles o unprotected sexual contact o airborne: pathogen is carried by dust or droplets in the air, can exist in the air for some time (for example inhaling infected droplets) • indirect transmission: o vehicle transmission (for example ingesting infected food or water (faecal-oral)); blood from inanimate objects (for example bedding) o being bitten by an infected ‘vector’ (for example insect bites) B1.17 How infectious diseases can spread amongst populations and communities: • inadequate sanitation (for example lack of access to clean water and inadequate sewage disposal) • lack of social distancing due to dense population • lack of accessible health promotion information B1.30 The commonly used classification systems of diseases and disorders: • topographical: o by bodily region or system • anatomical: o by organ or tissue • physiological: o by function or effect

T Level Health, Core B core science concepts. Template adapted from Canva. B1.8 The molecular structures of the large molecules and how they are used within the body: • proteins: o the basic units of proteins are amino acids o the relationship between primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure o proteins are used within the body for growth and repair • carbohydrates: o the most basic carbohydrate is a monosaccharide – monosaccharides are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen o when combined in pairs, monosaccharides form disaccharides through a condensation reaction and the formation of glycosidic bonds o carbohydrates are used within the body as a source of energy • lipids: o fatty acids and glycerol are the molecules from which triglycerides and phospholipids are formed o triglycerides are formed by the condensation of 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acid o phospholipids are formed when one of the fatty acids of a triglyceride is substituted by a phosphate-containing group o fatty acid molecules repel water (hydrophobic) and glycerol molecules attract water (hydrophilic) o phospholipid is made up of 2 parts, a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail – this molecule structure forms a bi-layer that is important for all membrane functions o lipids are used within the body for insulation and protection and as an energy source

T Level Health, Core B core science concepts. Template adapted from Canva. B1.12 The purpose of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) as the carrying molecules of genetic information: • DNA holds genetic information • RNA transfers genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesised B1.13 The relationship between the structure of DNA and RNA and their role in the mechanism of inheritance: • nucleotides are the molecules (monomers) from which DNA and RNA are formed • each nucleotide is formed from pentose, a nitrogen-containing organic base and a phosphate group • the components of a DNA nucleotide are deoxyribose, a phosphate group and one of the organic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine or thymine • the components of an RNA nucleotide are ribose, a phosphate group and one of the organic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine or uracil • a condensation reaction between 2 nucleotides forms a phosphodiester bond • a DNA molecule is a double helix with 2 polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds between specific complementary base pairs • an RNA molecule is a relatively short single stranded polynucleotide chain

T Level Health, Core B core science concepts. Template adapted from Canva. B1.6 The function of mitosis in nuclear division within cells: • mitosis produces 2 daughter nuclei that have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell and each other • mitosis division results in each of the daughter cells having an exact copy of the DNA of the parent cell B1.7 The purpose of each stage of the cell cycle: • interphase: stage that always precedes mitosis when DNA is replicated • stages of mitosis: o prophase: the stage in which chromosomes become visible and the nuclear envelope disappears o metaphase: the stage in which the chromosomes arrange themselves at the centre of the cell o anaphase: the stage in which each of the 2 threads of a chromosome (chromatid) migrates to the opposite pole o telophase: the stage in which the nuclear envelope reforms to produce 2 daughter cells • cytokinesis: the stage in which division of cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells takes place