Some student notes to help when teaching outcome A for the first assignment Pearson BTEC Nationals Level 3 Extended Certificate in Applied Human Biology Unit 2: Practical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Learning outcome: A Understand the classification and nature of microorganisms A1 Characteristics of different microorganisms A2 Methods of Pathogenicity A3 Classification Strategies

A set of student notes for the first topic around Biological Molecules. To the best of my knowledge from many emails back and forth with Pearson and careful review of the spec and PPQ’s so far.

A set of student notes covering the following parts of the specification. To the best of my knowledge from many emails back and forth with Pearson and careful review of the spec and PPQ’s so far. Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Certificate in Applied Human Biology Unit 1: Principles of Applied Human Biology A5 Cellular injury and repair • Cellular responses, to include cellular swelling, effect on ATP production. • Cell adaptations: o hyperplasia o hypertrophy o atrophy o metaplasia. • Responses of tissues to injury: o blood clotting and scab formation o swelling and bruising o burst blood vessels. • Causes, mechanisms and health consequences of reversible and irreversible cell and tissue injury: o ischemia, to include hypoxia and anoxia o trauma, to include major membrane damage and disturbance of membrane function o cellular atrophy and necrosis, to include chronic diabetes and pressure sores.

A set of student notes covering the following part of the spec. To the best of my knowledge from many emails back and forth with Pearson and careful review of the spec and PPQ’s so far. Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Certificate in Applied Human Biology Unit 1: Principles of Applied Human Biology A3 Cardiovascular and respiratory system We will look at the relationship between the structure, function and processes of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems linked to health, looking at risk factors for certain conditions. • Circulatory system structure and function: o heart, to include vascularisation, innervation, chambers, valves and direction of blood flow o blood composition, to include red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets o blood vessels, including arteries, arterioles, capillary networks, venules, veins o pulmonary and systemic circulation o regulation of heart rate and blood pressure. • Causes and common symptoms of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, hypertension and hypotension. A6 Diagnostic techniques • Basic methods, equipment, result format, unit of measurement and interpretation for the following diagnostic techniques: o manual and automated observation of vital signs, including heart rate, blood pressure, including the normal ranges for these vital signs in adults o observation of tissue perfusion and blood oxygen saturation o electrocardiograms (ECG) for arrhythmia, coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction, including: – basic P-QRS-T wave sequence – changes to the P-QRS-T wave sequence for the conditions named above – use of EGC to calculate heart rate • Haematology: o full blood counts o blood tests for autoantibodies o blood tests for c-reactive protein (CRP). The mechanism for production of CRP in the body is not required o blood typing limited to ABO blood types.

A set of student notes for the following part of the spec. To the best of my knowledge from many emails back and forth with Pearson and careful review of the spec and PPQ’s so far. Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Certificate in Applied Human Biology Unit 1: Principles of Applied Human Biology B1 Immune response • Innate (non-specific) physical, chemical and biological defences: o role of physical barriers o chemical defences and their location within the body, to include the inflammation response and its consequences. Specific details of the chemicals involved in inflammation are not required o biological defences to include: mast cells, phagocytes, basophils and eosinophils, natural killer cells. The roles of complement and natural killer T cells are not required. • Adaptive primary immunity: o recognition of self and non-self o humoral and cell-mediated responses, to include the roles of helper T cells, killer T cells and B cells. The mechanism behind antigen presentation is not required. • Adaptive secondary immunity: o the role of T and B memory cells o artificial adaptive immunity, to include vaccinations. • Passive immunity: o natural passive immunity o artificial passive immunity.

A set of student notes covering the following parts of the specification. To the best of my knowledge from many emails back and forth with Pearson and careful review of the spec and PPQ’s so far. Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Certificate in Applied Human Biology Unit 1: Principles of Applied Human Biology A2 Nervous system • Sensory, motor and relay neurones. • Central and peripheral nervous system. • Transmission of action potential to include: o the role of sodium and potassium ions in controlling membrane potential o effect of myelination on transmission speeds. • Synaptic transmission: o structure of the synapse, to include: presynaptic neurone, post synaptic neurone, synaptic cleft o role of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission (named examples not required). • Reflex actions and reflex arcs. A6 Diagnostic techniques • Basic methods, equipment, result format, unit of measurement and interpretation for the following diagnostic technique o assessment of nervous system function through reflex testing and nerve conduction tests.

Containing only Applied Human Biology questions, can be used as homework or as revision.

A set of student notes covering the following part of the spec. To the best of my knowledge from many emails back and forth with Pearson and careful review of the spec and PPQ’s so far. Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Certificate in Applied Human Biology Unit 1: Principles of Applied Human Biology A1 Cells, tissues and biological molecules Cellular activities, to include function, reactants, products and locations: o stages in aerobic and anaerobic respiration, to include glycolysis, link reaction and Krebs cycle. o enzyme-controlled reactions as modelled by ATPase.

A set of student notes that cover the following part of the spec. To the best of my knowledge from many emails back and forth with Pearson and careful review of the spec and PPQ’s so far. Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Certificate in Applied Human Biology Unit 1: Principles of Applied Human Biology C1 Gene expression • Transcription of DNA to RNA, to include reference to role of RNA polymerase. • Translation and splicing of RNA to produce proteins to include codons, anticodons, introns and exons. • Hereditary and acquired genetic mutations.

A set of student notes covering the following specification areas. To the best of my knowledge from many emails back and forth with Pearson and careful review of the spec and PPQ’s so far. Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Certificate in Applied Human Biology Unit 1: Principles of Applied Human Biology A4 Digestive and excretory system • Structure and function of the kidneys, nephron, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. • Water balance control, and its effect on blood pressure. • Structure and function of the stomach, pancreas, gall bladder, duodenum, ileum and colon. • Digestion, absorption and assimilation of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. • Location and conditions required for effective action of digestive enzymes, including amylase, lipase, trypsin, pepsin. • Control of blood glucose levels: o role of alpha and beta cells in pancreas, insulin and glucagon o role of the liver limited to its function as a store of glycogen o causes of diabetes mellitus (type I and II). • Dietary needs: o sources and role of nutrients, including water, fibre, vitamins and minerals o calorific value of food o exclusion and calorie-controlled diets. • Assessing dietary and nutritional problems: o interpretation of BMI charts and ranges, including recall of the range of values for a normal BMI as 18.5-25.

A set of student notes to cover the following part of the spec. To the best of my knowledge from many emails back and forth with Pearson and careful review of the spec and PPQ’s so far. Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Certificate in Applied Human Biology Unit 1: Principles of Applied Human Biology C2 Genetic disorders and diagnosis • Understand the terms allele, dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype, heterozygous, homozygous, sex linkage, carrier, affected/sufferer, non-affected/non-sufferer. • Genetic and chromosomal disorders, to include cystic fibrosis (CF), Huntington’s, Down’s syndrome, haemophilia. • Characteristics of benign and malignant tumour growth. Characteristics are limited to behaviour on a cellular level or greater. • Effects of mutations in oncogenes and tumour suppressing genes. • Interpretation of genetic diagrams, to include familial pedigrees. • Methods and limitations of obtaining DNA samples, to include swabs and body fluids. • Diagnostic tests for genetic and chromosomal disorders, to include amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, limited to how and when samples are taken and the interpretation of the results in the context of health of the foetus.

A set of student notes to go with the following part of the spec. To the best of my knowledge from many emails back and forth with Pearson and careful review of the spec and PPQ’s so far. Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Certificate in Applied Human Biology Unit 1: Principles of Applied Human Biology B2 Immune dysfunction • Autoimmune diseases, to include: o diabetes mellitus (type I) o multiple sclerosis (MS) o Crohn’s o rheumatoid arthritis. • Primary and secondary immunodeficiency diseases, to include: o severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) o HIV o immune deficiency due to chemotherapy o immunodeficiency due to organ transplants. • Allergies and allergens, to include: o allergy-induced asthma o anaphylaxis o dermatitis.

A set of student notes covering the following specification. To the best of my knowledge from many emails back and forth with Pearson and careful review of the spec and PPQ’s so far. Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Certificate in Applied Human Biology Unit 1: Principles of Applied Human Biology A1 Cells, tissues and biological molecules • Principles of homeostasis, to include negative feedback loops. • Control of body temperature and physiological responses to extremes of temperature, to include hypothermia, hyperthermia, burns and frostbite.

A set of student notes for the cell structure topic To the best of my knowledge from many emails back and forth with Pearson and careful review of the spec and PPQ’s so far.

A set of student notes on the following part of the spec. To the best of my knowledge from many emails back and forth with Pearson and careful review of the spec and PPQ’s so far. Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Certificate in Applied Human Biology Unit 1: Principles of Applied Human Biology A3 Cardiovascular and respiratory system We will look at the relationship between the structure, function and processes of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems linked to health, looking at risk factors for certain conditions. • The respiratory system structure and function: o lungs, to include trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli o lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels o ventilation and gas exchange o exchange of substances between blood and tissues o formation of tissue fluid and lymph • Causes and common symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), A6 Diagnostic techniques • Basic methods, equipment, result format, unit of measurement and interpretation for the following diagnostic techniques: o manual and automated observation of vital signs such as respiratory rate and temperature, including the normal ranges for these vital signs in adults o observation of tissue perfusion and blood oxygen saturation

A set of student notes on transport across membranes covering the following part of the spec. To the best of my knowledge from many emails back and forth with Pearson and careful review of the spec and PPQ’s so far. Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Certificate in Applied Human Biology Unit 1: Principles of Applied Human Biology A1 Cells, tissues and biological molecules • Transport of substances into and out of cells, including reference to drug delivery, cell recognition and signalling: o active and passive transport o diffusion o endocytosis, exocytosis and phagocytosis o osmosis

A set of student notes for the following part of the specification. To the best of my knowledge from many emails back and forth with Pearson and careful review of the spec and PPQ’s so far. Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Certificate in Applied Human Biology Unit 1: Principles of Applied Human Biology • Stages and cellular activities during the cell cycle and divisions: o gap and synthesis stages in interphase o haploid and diploid cells o relative potency of cells, including somatic. • Chromosome formation and nuclear division, to include the recognition of each stage from images: o phases of mitosis and meiosis: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase o homologous and non-homologous chromosomes.

Student notes to go with Learning aim C: Explore the application of techniques to culture and identify microorganisms C1 Health and safety C2 Microscopy and staining techniques C3 Culture of microorganisms C4 Quantitative analysis of microbes

BTEC Level 3 Applied Science QCF Unit 29 Physiological investigations full set of Staff and students notes, a PowerPoint to go with it and a few other teaching resources, to save you hours of work (I know, it took me an age to write these)