B1:Thermal energy transfer

molecular theory in solids, liquids and gases
•density ρ as given by ρ = mV
• that Kelvin and Celsius scales are used to express temperature
• that the change in temperature of a system is the same when expressed with the Kelvin or Celsius
that Kelvin temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles as given by Ek =
3
2
kBT
• that the internal energy of a system is the total intermolecular potential energy arising from the forces
between the molecules plus the total random kinetic energy of the molecules arising from their
random motion
• that temperature difference determines the direction of the resultant thermal energy transfer between
bodies
• that a phase change represents a change in particle behaviour arising from a change in energy at
constant temperature
• quantitative analysis of thermal energy transfers Q with the use of specific heat capacity c and specific
latent heat of fusion and vaporization of substances L as given by Q = mcΔT and Q = mL
• that conduction, convection and thermal radiation are the primary mechanisms for thermal energy
transfer
• conduction in terms of the difference in the kinetic energy of particles
• quantitative analysis of rate of thermal energy transfer by conduction in terms of the type of material
and cross-sectional area of the material and the temperature gradient as given by ΔQΔt= kAΔTΔx
• qualitative description of thermal energy transferred by convection due to fluid density differences
• quantitative analysis of energy transferred by radiation as a result of the emission of electromagnetic
waves from the surface of a body, which in the case of a black body can be modelled by the Stefan￾Boltzmann law as given by L = σAT4
where L is the luminosity, A is the surface area and T is the
absolute temperature of the body