The civil courts and other forms of dispute resolution including:
Civil courts, starting a court case,
the three tracks
reform of the civil courts
appeal routes
Other forms of dispute resolution, tribunals
Alternates dispute resolution (ADR)
Comparing courts and ADR.
Set to the 2017 spec using the Hodder AQA A Level Law textbook.
Sold as a bundle of two PowerPoints
Knowledge check and exam question
Law Making: Judicial Precedent :
The doctrine of judicial precedent.
The hierarchy of the courts including the Supreme Court.
Stare decisis, ratio decidendi and obiter dicta; law reporting in outline and the reasons for it.
The operation of judicial precedent: following, overruling and distinguishing.
The advantages and disadvantages of the doctrine of judicial precedent and the operation of precedent.
Set to the 2017 spec using the Hodder AQA A Level Law textbook.
Sold as a bundle of three PowerPoints
What is memory?
Research on coding Baddeley (1966a, 1966b) with evaluation,
Research on capacity Joseph Jacobs (1887) digit-span technique, Miller (1956) with evaluation
Research on duration STM Peterson and Peterson (1959), LTM Bahrick et al (1975) with evaluations.
Multi-store model (1968, 1971) Atkinson and Shiffrin with evaluation, case study of HM
Shallice and Warrington (1970) and case study of KF
More than one type of rehearsal Craik and Watkins (1973)
Scenarios given throughout and potential exam questions for this topic at the end.
•Types of delegated legislation; orders in council, statutory instruments, and by laws
•Control of delegated legislation
•Advantages and disadvantages of delegated legislation
Knowledge check and exam question
Effects of Institutionalisation; Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation hypothesis
Rutter (1998) – Romanian Orphans - complete breakdown
The Bucharest Early Intervention Project - Zeanah et al. (2005)
Effects of institutionalisation; Disinhibited attachment,
Evaluation of Research into the Effects of Institutionalisation - PEE paragraphs
The Influence of Early Attachments on Later Relationships - Bowlby (1969), Attachment type (Kerns 1994), bullying (Rowan Myron-Wilson and Peter Smith 1998)
Relationships in Adulthood with Romantic Partners: Gerard McCarthy (1999), The Love Quiz Hazen and Shaver (1987)
Relationships in Adulthood as a Parent: Bailey et al (2007)
Evaluations 0f influence of attachment on adult relationships
Potential exam questions for this topic at the end.
The Working Memory Model BADDELEY & HITCH (1974) explanation and case study support
Dual task performance Baddeley & Hitch (1976)
Evaluations: Lack of clarity over the central executive, Support for phonological loop Baddeley et al (1975)
Clinical evidence Braver et al. (1997)
Potential exam questions for this topic at the end.
Types of Long-term Memory: episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory.
Tulving (1972) episodic research, defintions of semantic and procedural
Evaluation: Clinical evidence Clive Wearing
Evaluation: Neuroimaging evidence Tulving et al (1994)
Useful applications Belleville et al (2006)
Evaluation : Limitations, Three types of LTM or two? Cohen and Squire (1980)
Scenarios given throughout, revision web link, study tips and potential exam questions for this topic at the end.
Explanations for forgetting: Interference theory and Retrieval failure theory.
Interference theory: proactive and retroactive.
Effects of Similarity: (McGeoch & McDonald, 1931)
Real-life application: Burke and Skrull (1988)
Evaluation: Evidence from lab studies PEEL paragraph
Evaluation: Artificial materials PEEL paragraph
Evaluation: Real-life studies PEEL paragraph
Accessibility or availability? Endel Tulving and Psotka (1971)
Retrieval failure theory: tip of the tongue phenomenon
Encoding specificity principle (ESP) Tulving (1983)
Context dependent remembering and forgetting – External cues Godden & Baddeley (1975), Aggleton and Waskett (1999
Questioning context effects: Baddeley (1997), Godden and Baddeley (1980)
State dependent remembering and forgetting Carter & Cassaday (1998):
Evaluations: Michael Eysenck 2010, problems with the ESP
Scenarios given throughout and potential exam questions for this topic at the end.
Types of conformity: internalisation, identification and compliance.
Explanations of why people conform, including informational and normative social influence.
Asch’s (1951, 1955) research and variables affecting conformity including group size, unanimity and task difficulty. EVALUATION A03
The role of discussion in changing opinion regarding a matter of fact – Arthur Jenness, 1932, EVALUATION A03
Sherif (1935) Autokinetic Effect Experiment, EVALUATION A03
Scenarios included and possible exam questions at the end of the PP
Factors affecting eyewitness testimony: misleading information
Misleading information - Loftus and Palmer (1974)
Post-event discussion - Gabbert et al. (2003)
Evaluations of misleading information
Factors affecting eyewitness testimony: Anxiety Johnson and Scott (1976
Evaluation of anxiety - conflicting evidence Yuille and Cutshall (1986)
Kenneth Deffenbacher (1983) application of Yerkes-Dodson Law to EWT and evaluation
Weapon focus - Pickel (1998) and evalautions
Eyewitness Testimony test and YouTube link, Unreliability of EWT Ronald Cotton case YouTube link
Potential exam questions for this topic at the end.
Aims: stating aims, the difference between aims and hypotheses.
Hypotheses: directional and non-directional.
Variables: manipulation and control of variables, including independent, dependent, extraneous, confounding; operationalisation of variables.
Demand characteristics and investigator effects.
Types of validity across all methods of investigation: face validity, concurrent validity, ecological validity and temporal validity. Assessment of validity. Improving validity.
Reliability across all methods of investigation. Ways of assessing reliability: test-retest and inter-observer; improving reliability.
Experimental method. Types of experiment, laboratory and field experiments; natural and quasi-experiments.
Observational techniques. Types of observation: naturalistic and controlled observation; covert and overt observation; participant and non-participant observation.
Self-report techniques. Questionnaires; interviews, structured and unstructured.
Questionnaire construction, including use of open and closed questions; design of interviews.
Correlations. Analysis of the relationship between co-variables. The difference between correlations and experiments.
Scenarios given throughout and potential exam questions for this topic at the end.
Criminal courts and lay people
oBasic understanding of the criminal process including the classification of offences, and the appeal system.
oCriminal court powers and sentencing of adult offenders.
oThe role of lay people: the role and powers of magistrates in criminal courts and the role of juries in criminal courts.
oThe advantages and disadvantages of using juries in criminal courts.
Set to the 2017 spec using the Hodder AQA A Level Law textbook.
Sold as a bundle of five PowerPoints
Knowledge check and exam question.
Exam tips and web links throughout.
Conformity to social roles,
Stanford prison experiment – Craig Haney, Curtis Banks and Philip Zimbardo (1971) APFC and in-depth examination,
deindividuation and learned helplessness, evaluation,
Role of Dispositional Factors,
ethical issues,
replication of the Stanford Prison Experiment, carried out by Reicher and Haslam (2006),
TAJFEL & TURNER (1979) SOCIAL IDENTITY EXPLAINS PREJUDICE,
scenarios and potential exam questions for this topic
AQA spec suitable for AS and A Level
Minority influence: including reference to consistency, commitment and flexibility.
Moscovici (1969) - exploration and evaluation
Nemeth (1986) - flexibility
The process of change: snowball effect
Social influence and social change: The special role of minority influence
Real-life example – the African-American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 60s.
Lessons from conformity and obedience research
Social influence evaluation
Bashir et al. (2013 barriers to social change
Scenarios given throughout and potential exam questions for this topic at the end.
Obedience - dispositional explanations
Dispositional explanation for obedience: the authoritarian personality.
Adorno et al. (1950) in depth exploration of study and evlauation
Authoritarian characteristics, Origin of the authoritarian personality
Acquiescence bias and the F-scale
Resistance to social influence; Social support, Locus of control (LOC) Julian Rotter (1966) Evaluations
Scenarios given throughout and potential exam questions for this topic at the end.
Attachment 4.1.3 Animal studies
Animal Studies of Attachment: Lorenz, Imprinting and the Greylag Geese inc. sexual imprinting
Evaluation inc. Guiton (1966)
Harlow (1958) classic study and evaluations inc. (Howe 1998)
Explanations of attachment: Learning theory inc. Dollard & Miller (1950)
Classical conditioning recap, Operant conditioning inc drive reduction Sears et al (1957)
Evaluation: Reciprocity and interactional synchrony
Dale Hay and Jo Vespo (1988) newer learning theory
Explanations of attachment: Bowlby’s theory inc internal working model and continuity hypothesis
Social releasers and the critical period
Evaluation ref Schaffer and Emerson (1964)
Potential exam questions for this topic at the end.
Improving the accuracy of eyewitness testimony, including the use of the cognitive interview.
Cognitive interview - Fisher & Geiselman, 1992
Enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) - Fisher and Geiselman (1987)
Cognitive interview in-depth interview
Evaluation
Try it yourself activities
Potential exam questions for this topic at the end.
Caregiver-Infant Interactions inc reciprocity (Feldman 2007) and interactional synchrony (Meltzoff and Moore 1977, Isabella 1989)
Evaluation of reciprocity and interactional synchrony
The Role of the Father: Bowlby and evaluation;Schaffer and Emerson (1964) , Grossman (2002), Field (1978), MacCallum and Golombok (2004)
Schaffer’s stages of attachment: Schaffer & Emerson(1964) full breakdown and evaluations
Ainsworth’s ‘Strange situation’ : Ainsworth and Bell (1969) full breakdown, types and evaluations
Potential exam questions for this topic at the end.
Attachment 4.1.3 Animal studies
Animal Studies of Attachment: Lorenz, Imprinting and the Greylag Geese inc. sexual imprinting
Evaluation inc. Guiton (1966)
Harlow (1958) classic study and evaluations inc. (Howe 1998)
Explanations of attachment: Learning theory inc. Dollard & Miller (1950)
Classical conditioning recap, Operant conditioning inc drive reduction Sears et al (1957)
Evaluation: Reciprocity and interactional synchrony
Dale Hay and Jo Vespo (1988) newer learning theory
Explanations of attachment: Bowlby’s theory inc internal working model and continuity hypothesis
Social releasers and the critical period
Evaluation ref Schaffer and Emerson (1964)
Caregiver-Infant Interactions inc reciprocity (Feldman 2007) and interactional synchrony (Meltzoff and Moore 1977, Isabella 1989)
Evaluation of reciprocity and interactional synchrony
The Role of the Father: Bowlby and evaluation;Schaffer and Emerson (1964) , Grossman (2002), Field (1978), MacCallum and Golombok (2004)
Schaffer’s stages of attachment: Schaffer & Emerson(1964) full breakdown and evaluations
Ainsworth’s ‘Strange situation’ : Ainsworth and Bell (1969) full breakdown, types and evaluations
Cross-Cultural Variations in attachment type ref to Ainsworth
Explantion individualistic and collectivist cultures with examples
Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) meta-analysis of Strange Situation studies, complete breakdown and evalautions
Other studies of cultural variations: Simonella et al (2014), Jin et al (2012)
16 marker with exam break down and marks
Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis: John Bowlby (1951)
Separation vs deprivation and the critical period
Effects on development:Intellectual Goldfarb (1955), Emotional Bowlby’s 44 Thieves Study (1944)
Evaluations; Czech Twins Case Study – (Koluchová, 1976)
Effects of Institutionalisation; Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation hypothesis
Rutter (1998) – Romanian Orphans - complete breakdown
The Bucharest Early Intervention Project - Zeanah et al. (2005)
Effects of institutionalisation; Disinhibited attachment,
Evaluation of Research into the Effects of Institutionalisation - PEE paragraphs
The Influence of Early Attachments on Later Relationships - Bowlby (1969), Attachment type (Kerns 1994), bullying (Rowan Myron-Wilson and Peter Smith 1998)
Relationships in Adulthood with Romantic Partners: Gerard McCarthy (1999), The Love Quiz Hazen and Shaver (1987)
Relationships in Adulthood as a Parent: Bailey et al (2007)
Evaluations of influence of attachment on adult relationships
Scenarios throughout and potential exam questions for this topic at the end.
What is memory?
Research on coding Baddeley (1966a, 1966b) with evaluation,
Research on capacity Joseph Jacobs (1887) digit-span technique, Miller (1956) with evaluation
Research on duration STM Peterson and Peterson (1959), LTM Bahrick et al (1975) with evaluations.
Multi-store model (1968, 1971) Atkinson and Shiffrin with evaluation, case study of HM
Shallice and Warrington (1970) and case study of KF
More than one type of rehearsal Craik and Watkins (1973)
Types of Long-term Memory: episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory.
Tulving (1972) episodic research, defintions of semantic and procedural
Evaluation: Clinical evidence Clive Wearing
Evaluation: Neuroimaging evidence Tulving et al (1994)
Useful applications Belleville et al (2006)
Evaluation : Limitations, Three types of LTM or two? Cohen and Squire (1980)
The Working Memory Model BADDELEY & HITCH (1974) explanation and case study support
Dual task performance Baddeley & Hitch (1976)
Evaluations: Lack of clarity over the central executive, Support for phonological loop Baddeley et al (1975)
Clinical evidence Braver et al. (1997)
Explanations for forgetting: Interference theory and Retrieval failure theory.
Interference theory: proactive and retroactive.
Effects of Similarity: (McGeoch & McDonald, 1931)
Real-life application: Burke and Skrull (1988)
Evaluation: Evidence from lab studies PEEL paragraph
Evaluation: Artificial materials PEEL paragraph
Evaluation: Real-life studies PEEL paragraph
Accessibility or availability? Endel Tulving and Psotka (1971)
Retrieval failure theory: tip of the tongue phenomenon
Encoding specificity principle (ESP) Tulving (1983)
Context dependent remembering and forgetting – External cues Godden & Baddeley (1975), Aggleton and Waskett (1999
Questioning context effects: Baddeley (1997), Godden and Baddeley (1980)
State dependent remembering and forgetting Carter & Cassaday (1998):
Evaluations: Michael Eysenck 2010, problems with the ESP
Scenarios given throughout, revision web link, study tips and potential exam questions for this topic at the end.
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