Cyber-Physical Systems

This lesson introduces students to Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) by exploring how software-controlled systems interact directly with the physical world. It is designed for secondary Computer Science / Informatics classes and builds clear conceptual understanding before moving into applied analysis and evaluation.

Students begin by identifying where computers already control real physical processes, then develop a precise definition of a cyber-physical system and its key characteristics, including real-time operation, integration of digital and physical components, feedback loops, and partial autonomy. The lesson breaks CPS down into core components such as sensors, processors, and actuators, and reinforces these through guided examples such as smart traffic lights and smart thermostats.

Understanding is strengthened through structured knowledge checks, short application tasks, and model answers, making the slide deck suitable both for classroom use and independent revision. Students analyse how feedback loops enable continuous adjustment and safe operation, and they apply the CPS model to new examples.

The lesson also gives strong attention to risk and responsibility. Students examine typical CPS risks such as faulty sensor data, software errors, cyber-attacks, and loss of human control, then evaluate responsibility using accident scenarios involving autonomous systems. A final consolidation task uses mark-weighted questions with technical vocabulary expectations, supporting exam preparation.

The resource is fully self-contained, clearly sequenced, and suitable for a 45–60 minute lesson or structured revision. It aligns well with units on AI, cyber-physical systems, and future technologies, and supports progression from knowledge to analysis and evaluation.