LESSON OBJECTIVE: Understand the concept of electron affinity and use Born-Haber cycles to calculate lattice energies Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry curriculum) 23.1 Lattice energy and Born-Haber cycles define and use the terms: a) enthalpy change of atomisation, ΔHat b) lattice energy, ΔHlatt (the change from gas phase ions to solid lattice) a) define and use the term first electron affinity, EA b) explain the factors affecting the electron affinities of elements c) describe and explain the trends in the electron affinities of the Group 16 and Group 17 elements construct and use Born–Haber cycles for ionic solids (limited to +1 and +2 cations, –1 and –2 anions) carry out calculations involving Born–Haber cycles explain, in qualitative terms, the effect of ionic charge and of ionic radius on the numerical magnitude of a lattice energy

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Understand enthalpy changes that occur in ionic salts in solution. Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry curriculum) 23.2 Enthalpies of solution and hydration 1 define and use the term enthalpy change with reference to hydration, ΔHhyd, and solution, ΔHsol 2 construct and use an energy cycle involving enthalpy change of solution, lattice energy and enthalpy change of hydration 3 carry out calculations involving the energy cycles in 23.2.2 4 explain, in qualitative terms, the effect of ionic charge and of ionic radius on the numerical magnitude of an enthalpy change of hydration

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Understand the concept of Gibbs free energy, ΔG, and use the equation ΔG = ΔH – TΔS to determine the feasibility of a reaction. Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry curriculum) 23.4 Gibbs free energy change, ΔS 1 state and use the Gibbs equation ΔG⦵ = ΔH⦵ – TΔS⦵ 2 perform calculations using the equation ΔG⦵ = ΔH⦵ – TΔS⦵ 3 state whether a reaction or process will be feasible by using the sign of ΔG 4 predict the effect of temperature change on the feasibility of a reaction, given standard enthalpy and entropy changes

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Investigate entropy changes and predict entropy changes that will occur during state changes and chemical reactions. Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry curriculum) 23.3 Entropy change, ΔS 2. predict and explain the sign of the entropy changes that occur: a) during a change in state, e.g. melting, boiling and dissolving (and their reverse) b) during a temperature change c) during a reaction in which there is a change in the number of gaseous molecules

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Calculate the entropy change for a reaction and interpret the value to determine if a process will be spontaneous or not. Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry curriculum) 23.3 Entropy change, ΔS 3. calculate the entropy change for a reaction, ΔS, given the standard entropies, S⦵, of the reactants and products, ΔS⦵ = ΣS⦵ (products) – ΣS⦵ (reactants) (use of ΔS⦵ = ΔSsurr⦵ + ΔSsys⦵ is not required)

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Understand entropy as a measure of the disorder of a system. Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry curriculum) 23.3 Entropy change, ΔS define the term entropy, S, as the number of possible arrangements of the particles and their energy in a given system

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Investigate electrolysis and predict products from the electrolysis of both molten and aqueous compounds Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry curriculum) 24.1 Electrolysis 1 predict the identities of substances liberated during electrolysis from the state of electrolyte (molten or aqueous), position in the redox series (electrode potential) and concentration