Edexcel A Level Biology A - Topic 7 - The Heart and Ventilation (1/3)

A* level notes on topic 7 (muscles and respiration) covering the heart and ventilation, including:

• a description of how the heart beats - from depolarisation to repolarisation, including details of the sino-atrial node, the atrioventricular node, the bundle of His, the Purkyne fibres,
• description of cardiac output and how it would increase
• how we measure electrical activity in the heart
• a description of the P, QRS, and T waves and the relevant graphs.
• ventilation and spirometery - how we measure ventilation, why the gas volume in the spirometer tank falls, how we interpret the reading
• how we calculate tidal volume, breathing rate, ventilation rate, rate of oxygen consumption, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity
• homeostasis and thermoregulation - vasoconstriction and vasodilation
• core practical on investigating ventilation