Kinematics

Kinematics is the branch of physics that studies motion of objects without considering the forces causing it.

1. Linear Motion
   It describes motion in a straight line using three main quantities:
   Displacement (s) – distance in a specific direction
   Velocity (v) – rate of change of displacement
   Time (t)

For constant velocity:
Motion is uniform (same speed and direction)
Displacement is proportional to time:
s = ut
Graphs:
Displacement–time → straight line
Velocity–time → horizontal line

1. Motion with Constant Acceleration
   Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
   Main equations (SUVAT):
   v = u + at
   s = ut + ½at²
   v² = u² + 2as
   Used when speed changes (speeding up or slowing down).

2. Graphs in Motion
   Velocity–time graph → area = displacement
   Slope of graph → gives velocity or acceleration
   Helps analyze motion visually (shown clearly in diagrams on pages 2–3)

3. Vertical Motion (Gravity)
   Objects move under gravity with acceleration g ≈ 10 m/s²
   Cases:
   Falling (downward acceleration)
   Thrown upward (slows → stops → falls back)

4. Multi-stage Motion
   Motion can include:
   Acceleration
   Constant speed
   Deceleration
   (Explained with combined graphs on page 7)

5. Calculus in Motion
   Velocity = rate of change of displacement
   Acceleration = rate of change of velocity
   Integration is used to find displacement from velocity
   In One Line
   Kinematics explains how objects move using equations, graphs, and relationships between displacement, velocity, and acceleration.