Key Stage 2 & 3 mathematics: Rotational symmetry occurs when a shape, on being rotated around a centre point a number of degrees, appears the same. The order of symmetry is the number of positions that a shape appears the same in a 360-degree rotation. An equilateral triangle has rotational symmetry of order three, i.e. it may be turned about its centre point into three identical positions. A trefoil and a pointed trefoil (see appropriate lesson plan), being constructed on an equilateral triangle, may be turned about their centre points into three identical positions, i.e. both have rotational symmetry of order three. Key Stage 4 mathematics: A circle which touches the three vertices of a triangle is called the circumcircle of a triangle. The centre of a circumcircle is the point where all the perpendicular bisectors of the triangle’s sides meet. This point is called the circumcentre. The radius of the circumcircle is termed the triangle’s circumradius. Having drawn a regular polygon, arcs can be drawn with their centre points at the vertices of the polygon, and the radii equal to half the length of the edges of the polygon. In this way a trefoil, quatrefoil, cinquefoil or multifoil is formed when each arc just touches its neighbours. In 1254 a Catholic religious order was founded in France called the Order of Saint Augustine. Monks of this Order followed the teachings of St Augustine of Hippo who, in the fifth century, advocated the virtues of chastity, poverty and obedience as essential for a religious life. The monks were obliged to live together in peace and harmony, to share labour, pray together, and eat in silence. They were also to look after the sick. Pilgrims flocked to their monasteries one of which was the Sanctuary of Rocamadour in South-West France. It is a spectacular monastery built into the side of a cliff on the pilgrim route known as the Way of St James. Unusually it has made use of lancet and trefoil design for an entrance.

The lesson examines the history, purpose and construction of the Roman arch, and how it was developed through mathematics developed by Archimedes in his experiments to measure pi (π). Students will conduct experiments to ascertain a measurement of π, and are provided with illustrated instruction in the drawing of a `Roman arch and brace.

The lesson introduces the study of Pythagoras through the medium of the Classical Temple. At Key Stage 3 & 4 drawing the stylobate - or floor plan - of a Classical temple is an appropriate way to introduce Pythagoras’ Theorem, which provides an insight into the importance of number theory and geometry to architects in antiquity. The lesson defines Pythorean triples with several examples taken from measurements of ruined stylobates of Classical temples. The lesson provides instruction to teacher and student through geometric drawings to enable each to produce a stylobate of satisfying quality.

How to draw an ogee arch Illustrated and easy-to-follow instructions on how to draw an ogee arch. The ogee or S-shaped arch is the principal architectural feature of the Decorated period church window. The ogee as an architectural motif has a long history: it had been used in India in antiquity; it arrived in Egypt in the ninth century, then in Venice in the thirteenth. Soon after it appearance in Venice, it turned up in England. Theories explaining the ogee’s appearance in England are explored. School Curriculum: Key Stage 3 Mathematics: Draw and manipulate triangles, arcs and semicircles with increasing accuracy; identify their properties, including line symmetry.

This lesson is suitable for more able pupils at Key Stage 2 and most pupils at Key Stage 3. It is an exercise in drawing the frontal elevation of a Classical Doric temple. It reinforces skills in measuring, the accurate drawing of straight lines, and using a protractor. Drawing a Doric temple supports the teaching of 2-D shapes in a novel and imaginative way, and covers the definitions and properties of rectangles and isosceles triangles.

This lesson is designed for mathematics students at Key Stage 3. It fuses the study of Pythagoras’ Theorem with the study and design of the stylobates - or floor plans - of several Classical temples. The Theorem is approached in an easy to understand step-by-step way . Pythagorean triples are introduced through the medium of a plan of the Classical temple stylobate. The teacher and student are then guided through the process of drawing a floor plan using Ancient Greek units using a pair of compasses, pencil and ruler. The lesson also includes information on the siting and development of the Classical temple.

Studying the geometry of a Classical Ionic column can be undertaken with satisfying results at Key Stage, 2, 3 & 4. At Key Stage 2 & Drawing a volute with semicircles enables students to create a pattern with repeating shapes in different sizes and orientations. Students will thereby become familiar with the properties of a circle (circumference, radius & diameter). At Key Stage 4 drawing a volute with quadrants will facilitate the calculation of arc length subtended by those quadrants.

Greek Temples A Greek temple may align along its diagonal to the East. A rectangular temple often comprises two adjacent squares and measures in Pythagorean triplets. At Key Stage 2, drawing a Greek temple supports the teaching of 2-D shapes in mathematics. It provides an opportunity to practise measuring, and covers the definitions and properties of rectangles and isosceles triangles. At Key Stage 3, drawing the plan of a stylobate of a Greek temple is an appropriate way to introduce Pythagoras Theorem while drawing a Doric temple enables the understanding of the importance of geometry and number theory to Greek architects. A Pythagorean triple is a right angled triangle with sides of three positive integers: a, b, and c usually written (a, b, c). The smallest triple numerically is (3, 4, 5). Other combinations of positive integers produce Pythagorean triples. Multiples of these integers - producing a scaled up right angled triangle - are also Pythagorean triples.