A Level Chemistry - 30.1 Arenes

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This powerpoint contains a starter, 5 topic related Activities, 3 ipad Activities, revision questions, a mark scheme, and a plenary. All the content is differentiated and scaffolded to be suitable for EAL students.

This powerpoint is purposefully made for A Level Chemstry using the most recent Cambridge syllabus.

It fully covers - 30.1 Arenes

Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:

1. describe the chemistry of arenes as exemplified by the following reactions of benzene and methylbenzene:
   (a) substitution reactions with Cl₂ and with Br₂ in the presence of a catalyst, AlCl₃ or AlBr₃, to form halogenoarenes (aryl halides)
   (b) nitration with a mixture of concentrated HNO₃ and concentrated H₂SO₄ at a temperature between 25°C and 60°C
   © Friedel–Crafts alkylation by CH₃Cl and AlCl₃ and heat
   (d) Friedel–Crafts acylation by CH₃COCl and AlCl₃ and heat
   (e) complete oxidation of the side-chain using hot alkaline KMnO₄ and then dilute acid to give a benzoic acid
   (f) hydrogenation of the benzene ring using H₂ and Pt/Ni catalyst and heat to form a cyclohexane ring

2. describe the mechanism of electrophilic substitution in arenes:
   (a) as exemplified by the formation of nitrobenzene and bromobenzene
   (b) with regards to the effect of delocalisation (aromatic stabilisation) of electrons in arenes to explain the predomination of substitution over addition

3. predict whether halogenation will occur in the side-chain or in the aromatic ring in arenes depending on reaction conditions

4. describe that in the electrophilic substitution of arenes, different substituents direct to different ring positions (limited to the directing effects of –NH₂, –OH, –R, –NO₂, –COOH and –COR)