AS Level Chemistry - Unit 15.1 Halogenoalkanes

**This Powerpoint specifically uses the Cambridge AS Level Chemistry Syllabus (9701) and covers all criteria for – Unit Halogenoalkanes
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Students will be able to -

1 recall the reactions (reagents and conditions) by which halogenoalkanes can be produced:
(a) the free-radical substitution of alkanes by Cl2 or Br2 in the presence of ultraviolet light, as exemplified
by the reactions of ethane
(b) electrophilic addition of an alkene with a halogen, X2, or hydrogen halide, HX(g), at room temperature
© substitution of an alcohol, e.g. by reaction with HX(g); or with KCl and concentrated H2SO4 or
concentrated H
3PO4; or with PCl 3 and heat; or with PCl 5; or with SOCl 2

2 classify halogenoalkanes into primary, secondary and tertiary

3 describe the following nucleophilic substitution reactions:
(a) the reaction with NaOH(aq) and heat to produce an alcohol
(b) the reaction with KCN in ethanol and heat to produce a nitrile
© the reaction with NH3 in ethanol heated under pressure to produce an amine
(d) the reaction with aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol as a method of identifying the halogen present as exemplified by bromoethane

4 describe the elimination reaction with NaOH in ethanol and heat to produce an alkene as exemplified by bromoethane

5 describe the S
N1 and SN2 mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution in halogenoalkanes including the inductive effects of alkyl groups

6 recall that primary halogenoalkanes tend to react via the SN2 mechanism; tertiary halogenoalkanes via the S
N1 mechanism; and secondary halogenoalkanes by a mixture of the two, depending on structure

7 describe and explain the different reactivities of halogenoalkanes (with particular reference to the relative strengths of the C–X bonds as exemplified by the reactions of halogenoalkanes with aqueous silver nitrates)

**Every Powerpoint includes learning objectives, a starter and plenary, suitable activities and review questions with mark scheme. We also provide a free pdf version of the file so it can easily be printed for students as a handout or uploaded to the school VLE system
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