This PowerPoint lesson explains the bonding triangle model, helping IBDP Chemistry students classify substances using electronegativity and predict physical properties. Designed for first assessment 2025, it develops a deeper understanding of bonding as a continuum between ionic, covalent and metallic character.
The bonding triangle is a model used to represent how chemical bonds vary depending on the electronegativity of the elements involved. Rather than viewing ionic, covalent and metallic bonding as completely separate categories, this lesson shows how substances lie along a spectrum. Students are introduced to the historical Van Arkel–Ketelaar triangle and learn how modern versions use electronegativity (χ) values from the IB data booklet to position compounds quantitatively.
Step-by-step worked examples include Na, H₂, NaCl, SiO₂ and MgO, demonstrating how to calculate electronegativity difference (Δχ), determine average electronegativity, and interpret bonding character. The link between position in the triangle and physical properties such as melting point, brittleness, lattice structure and conductivity is clearly developed. Students learn why substances near the ionic or metallic regions tend to have high melting points and lattice structures, while those near the covalent region often show molecular behaviour.
The lesson also highlights limitations of the model, including its restriction to elemental substances and binary compounds, and embeds Nature of Science discussion about how scientific models evolve.
Starter activities, structured explanations, worked calculations and practice questions are included, making this resource ideal for teaching, consolidation or revision.
File type included: PowerPoint (.pptx)
Last updated: January 2026 – electronegativity examples refined and model limitations clarified in line with the 2025 IB Chemistry syllabus.
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