A brief overview of genetic engineering at IAL level written by an A grade student. Source contains notes on the following: Why do we use microorganisms in genetic engineering Definition of fermenter How human insulin is produced Diagram of how genetic engineering takes place and details of each step

Notes on coordination in plants and animals made by and A grade student. Perfect for IAL Biology. Pages inclde notes on the following topics: Comparison of the nervous and endocrine system. PLant growth factors Definition of tropism. Description of phototropism, gravitropism Names of some auxins and how they work Definition of photoperiodism Definition of phytochrome description of how far red light and red light has an affect on the responses of the plant. Description of short day and long day plants Definition of etoliated plants

A Mind map showing all the conversions between organic molecules. Excluding benzene. Clear and concise. Labelled with all reaction names and conditions. Clear colours and well spread out perfect for unit 6 A level Chemistry

Notes on decomposition written by an A grade student, perfect for IAL biology students. Pages include notes on the following topics: The 2 types of organisms which decompose materials Definition of decomposition Description of Putrefication Stages of decomposition of a human body how different microorganisms decompose the body Different types of insects which can be found during decomposition Definition of Forensic Entemology Conditions of recycling nutrients

Handwritten Notes perfect for A2 edexcel students. Comprised of 4 detailed pages covering the following: The definition of the 2 types of reactions (Anabolic and Catabolic) Balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis Explanation of autotrophs and heterotrophs Chemical name of ATP Definition of photo-phosphorylation, phosphorylation and dephosphyrlation 2 ways to make ATP Detailed explanation of structure of chloroplasts The 5 types of chlorophyll Explanation of LIght Dependent Reactions Detailed explanation of the individual steps of NON-Cyclic Phosphorylation (including Diagram) Explanation of the individual steps taking place in Cyclic Photophosphorylation. Detailed explanation of Light Independent Reactions including Diagram of Calvin cycle. How to differentiate between the different pigments present in plants using Chromotography How to calculate Rf value.

Detailed notes on homeostasis written by an A grade student. Pages include notes on the following topics: Definition of Negative feedback How thermoregulation works Detailed description of what happens when the body wants to loose heat. Definition of Hyperthermia and Hypothermia How the body regulates heart rate The 2 types of glands present in the body Description of what the body does when it wants to conserve heat. Description of why heart rate increases during exercise and why Consequences of lack of exercise and too much exercise Description of keyhole surgery Different types of prosthesis The different types of performance enhancing drugs and what they do Ethical issues of using performance enhancing drugs

Pages include notes on the following: Definition of skelton, bone, ligaments, joints The two types of bone The different joint types The different types of muscles Definition of Myofibril, Striated muscle, Striations, Intercalated Disks. the two types of Muscle Fibres Muscle Contraction Actin Myosin Interaction Cardiac Muscle Definition of Myogenic, Purknye Fibres, Internodal fibres, P wave, QRS Peak, and T wave. Electrical activity of the heart

Pages include notes on the following: Balanced equation for respiration Types of Respiration Rate of respiration Phases of Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis and Anaerobic respiration Krebs Cycle Detailed Diagram of Structure of Mitochondria Electron Transfer Chain Oxidative Phosphorylation Chemiosmosis Main electron carriers Diagram for Complete process of Aerobic Respiration

Revision Notes handwritten by an A grade student. Complete with coloured Diagrams. These 9 pages include notes on: Structure and function of different nerve cells, rod cells, and the brain Definitions of stimulus, receptors, effectors, nerve impulse, synapse, dopamine agonists, Monamine oxidase. Description of different medical imaging technology Case Study of Parkinson’s Disease and Depression Detailed description of nerve impulse, (including description of depolarisation, repolarisation, conduction, the difference in charge etc.) Factors effecting speed of impulse. Description of the Effect of Light on the eyes.

These are my personal notes including diagrams and detailed explanations for concepts studied in edexcel IAL chemistry Unit 5. There are 8 pages in total. These Notes Cover the following topics: Definition of the two types of cells Definition of Reduction Potential Spontaneous and Non spontaneous reactions and conditions for each Labeled diagram of a cell Diagram and explanation of SHE (Standard Hydrogen Electrode) Definition of Absolute Potential Difference Conditions for high and low PD Overall reaction when Reduction Potential is negative, or positive Table of half equations. Labeled from most powerful reducing to most powerful oxidizing agent Symbolic representation of a cell and how to write them Definition of Standard Electrode Potential Defiinition of EMF How to calculate reduction potential of a cell Thermodynamic feasibility in cells Equation linking Reduction potential , total entropy and number of moles Equaltion linking Rlnk, reduction potential of cell and Temperature How Breathalysers work Different types of breathalysers Colour change and equation for the reaction within a breathalyser Redox titration of sodium thiosulfate along with a diagram and what happens in the reaction Redox titration of KmNO4 along with a diagram and what happens in the reaction

11 Detailed pages with intricate diagrams made by an A grade student. Notes are clear and concise with visual diagrams which are great for revision. The pages include notes on: Description of structure of viruses and bacteria. DEfining features of each along with diagrams. Difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria along with diagrams Main shapes of bacteria Diagram explaining binary fission of bacteria Description of sexual reproduction in bacteria Description of Turbidity Definition of Conjugation How to count fungal growth Growth curve f bacteria a long with diagrams and definitions of each stage (log, lag, stationary and death phases) Life cycle of a virus. Detailed description of the two methods of infection (Lytic and Lysogenic) Diagram of lytic and lysogenic pathway Diagram of retrovirus cycle Description of retrovirus life cycle along with example of HIV Case study of Tuberculosis Description of the 2 types of toxins (endotoxins and Exotoxins) Causes and Symptoms of Tuberculosis Case study of HIV Symptoms of HIV The 4 stages of HIV Medication and treatment methods for HIV Definition of Immunity, Natural Active Immunity, Natural passive immunity, Inducing Immunity, Atificial Passive Immunity, Artificial Active Immunity. Description of Vaccination.

Detailed Notes by an A grade Biology Student, complete with diagrams and in depth descriptions on the following: Definition of immune system Examples of physical and internal barriers. definition of interferons, inflammation, and phagocytes The types of immune response (specific and non specific) the types of specific response (cellular and humoral) Detailed description of the steps in an immune response Detailed description of humoral response Diagram of humoral and cell mediated response comparison of humoral and cell mediated response Description of non specific response flow chart of the types of white blood cells Diagrams of the types of lymphocytes Definition of Antibiotics Description of how antibiotics work Explanation of bacteriositic and bacteriocidal effect The different classes of antibiotics Structure of antibodies including diagrams The 5 types of antibodies and their functions (along with diagrams) How antibodies work

Handwritten Ecology Notes perfect for Edexcel A level Biology. Comprised of 9 pages including Notes on the following topics: Definition of Biotic and Abiotic Factors Definition of Ecosystem, Biosphere, Succession, Plagioclimax, and Climax Community Explanation of Primary and Secondary succession Effect of abiotic factors on population (ight, temperature, wind and water, water availability, oxygen availability, and edaphic factors) Effect of Biotic Factors on population (Predation, Finding a mate, Territory, Parasitism and Disease) Definition of Intraspecific, and Interspecific competition Density Dependent and Density Independent factors. Definiton of Abundance, and Distribution Explanation of the 3 Different types of Distribution (Uniform, Clumped, and Random) Definition of Null Hypothesis How to use Students T test Notes on trophic levels and food chains Law of Conservation of energy How Energy is lost Definitions of Net Primary Production, Gross Primary Production and Secondary Production How to calculate Net Primary Production How to calculate Efficiency Diagram of Carbon cycle Definition of Carbon sink Explanation of Greenhouse effect Definition of Global Warming, Climate, Weather, Climate Change The role of Methane in Global Warming Evidence for increase in earth’s temperature Definition of Proxies,Dendrochronology and Peat Bogs How Frozen isotopes provide evidence for increase in temperature Definition of Anthropogenic, Correlation, and Extropolate. Definition of Selection pressure, Evolution, Allopatric speciation, Sympatric Speciation.

These are extensive handwritten notes I have taken during my A2 Level Edexcel Chemistry lessons (13 pages in Total). These notes include: The definition of transition metals Properties of Transition Metals Definition of Ligand How to Name ligands Definiton of Coordination Number Diagram of Bidentate and polydentate Ions Explanation of why complex ions are coloured Different Shapes of transition metal complexes ( Octahedral, Tetrahedral, Linear) Isomerism in Transition Metal complexes Reactions of Transition Metal complexes with examples Reactions of complexes with NaOH and NH3 Reactions of Iron complexes Reactions of Chromium Complexes Reactions of Copper Complexes Reactions of Manganese, Vanidium and Zinc Complexes Short description of catalysts (Homogenous and Heterogenous with examples) Summary of reactions of majority of transiton metal complexes reactions with NaOH , excess NaOH. Ammonia and Excess Ammonia along with colours of products and reactants.

Handwritten by an A* student. Complete with coloured diagrams, detailed descriptions and structured notes. The topics covered in these notes include: Electronic Structure Ionisation Energy Mass spectrometry Enthalpy Level Diagrams Hess’s Law Born Haber Cycle Quantum Numbers Hybridization Periodic trends Bonding (Ionic and Covalent) Polarity Organic Chemistry -Nomenclature -Isomerism -Classification of reactions -Free radical reactions -Cracking -Fractional Distillation -Reforming -Alkenes -Mechanism of reactions in Alkenes (substitution, addition, hydration, oxidation) -Markonikoff’s Rule