Over** thousands** of exam questions on each of these key topics of AS Level Biology. This is designed for AQA but again is probably relevant for most specs.

Designed for the AQA A Level Biology specification but can be easily adapated for any exam board. Full SOW for both topics with relevant required practicals and tons of exam questions throughtout. WHAT IS COVERED Photosynthesis The light-dependent reaction in such detail as to show that: • chlorophyll absorbs light, leading to photoionisation of chlorophyll • some of the energy from electrons released during photoionisation is conserved in the production of ATP and reduced NADP • the production of ATP involves electron transfer associated with the transfer of electrons down the electron transfer chain and passage of protons across chloroplast membranes and is catalysed by ATP synthase embedded in these membranes (chemiosomotic theory) • photolysis of water produces protons, electrons and oxygen. The light-independent reaction uses reduced NADP from the lightdependent reaction to form a simple sugar. The hydrolysis of ATP, also from the light-dependent reaction, provides the additional energy for this reaction. The light-independent reaction in such detail as to show that: • carbon dioxide reacts with ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) to form two molecules of glycerate 3-phosphate (GP). This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme rubisco • ATP and reduced NADP from the light-dependent reaction are used to reduce GP to triose phosphate • some of the triose phosphate is used to regenerate RuBP in the Calvin cycle • some of the triose phosphate is converted to useful organic substances. Students should be able to: • identify environmental factors that limit the rate of photosynthesis • evaluate data relating to common agricultural practices Required practical 7: Use of chromatography to investigate the pigments isolated from leaves of different plants, eg, leaves from shade-tolerant and shade-intolerant plants or leaves of different colours. Required practical 8: Investigation into the effect of a named factor on the rate of dehydrogenase activity in extracts of chloroplasts. Respiration Respiration produces ATP. Glycolysis is the first stage of anaerobic and aerobic respiration. It occurs in the cytoplasm and is an anaerobic process. Glycolysis involves the following stages: • phosphorylation of glucose to glucose phosphate, using ATP • production of triose phosphate • oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate with a net gain of ATP and reduced NAD. If respiration is only anaerobic, pyruvate can be converted to ethanol or lactate using reduced NAD. The oxidised NAD produced in this way can be used in further glycolysis. If respiration is aerobic, pyruvate from glycolysis enters the mitochondrial matrix by active transport. Aerobic respiration in such detail as to show that: • pyruvate is oxidised to acetate, producing reduced NAD in the process • acetate combines with coenzyme A in the link reaction to produce acetylcoenzyme A • acetylcoenzyme A reacts with a four-carbon molecule, releasing coenzyme A and producing a six-carbon molecule that enters the Krebs cycle • in a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, the Krebs cycle generates reduced coenzymes and ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, and carbon dioxide is lost • synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation is associated with the transfer of electrons down the electron transfer chain and passage of protons across inner mitochondrial membranes and is catalysed by ATP synthase embedded in these membranes (chemiosomotic theory) • other respiratory substrates include the breakdown products of lipids and amino acids, which enter the Krebs cycle. Required practical 9: Investigation into the effect of a named variable on the rate of respiration of cultures of single-celled organisms.