If you would like to teach your students a step-by step approach to writing persuasively and also scaffold every stage of the writing process, then you will find this resource very useful. All components in this pack are designed to facilitate students to sit formal writing assessments. The materials adhere to a formal writing style complete with close detail to elements of structure and composition of persuasive texts whereby opinion is supported by relevant details. Further details of lessons included in this pack are outlined below: * All lessons to teach and model the parts of a Persuasive Essay revolve around the mentor text, ‘Dogs Make the Best Pets’ The graphic organisers also enable students to write on other topics of choice. LESSON 1: THE STRUCTURE ✓ Persuasive Writing Anchor Charts x 3 ✓ Mentor Text x 1 on the topic ‘Dogs Make the Best Pets' ✓ Cut and glue parts of the mentor text activity to study structure ✓ Colour-code parts of the mentor text to study the structural components of the introduction, body and conclusion. ✓ Questions to draw attention to structure (to use with mentor text and informative article) ✓ Persuasive Techniques including the ethos, pathos and logos modes of persuasion. LESSON 2: THE INTRODUCTION ♦ Scaffolded activities based on the mentor text to enable students to write the three parts that make-up the introduction: hook, opinion and thesis statement. ♦ Activity focus on the five type of hooks including work with QR Codes, LESSON 3: THE BODY ♦ Cut and glue interactive activities and reference to mentor text to help students better understand the parts of the three body paragraphs: the topic sentence encompassing the reason, supporting details and concluding sentence. LESSON 4: THE CONCLUSION ♦ Reference to colour-coded mentor text and deconstructing parts of a concluding paragraph activity to better understand the parts: summary statement, re-statement of reasons and call to action. ALSO INCLUDED: ✓ Graphic organisers to organise ideas of the introduction, body and conclusion when planning to write on a given prompt are included for all lessons. ✓ Writing templates for published pieces. ✓ Self-editing checklist ✓ Peer-editing checklist ✓ Teacher marking rubric ✓ Booklet cover for all lessons if compiling lesson sheets. ✓ Posters x 6 on Persuasive Writing Signal Words Once you have taught students the style and structure of a Persuasive Essay, the job is half done. All the best! I hope you will have an idea of how I have used this resource with my students via the guided notes for each section. Further instructions on how to use this resource are in file.

Teach your students 20 essential reading strategies. The 30 graphic organisers (colour and blackline) will help your students practise key reading strategies with any text they read. Each graphic organiser provides an explanation of the reading strategy in focus. Students will be able to successfully document their findings via the writing prompts. The eye-catching graphics and student-friendly organisation will surely motivate the most reluctant. ITEMS INCLUDED ✅ 30 BLACK AND WHITE graphic organisers to document the application of the reading strategies ✅ 30 COLOUR graphic organisers to document the application of the reading strategies ✅ 1 cover sheet (featuring name and grade) to compile all organisers into a booklet ✅ 2 page writing template The reading strategies in focus are: ⭐ Author’s Purpose ⭐ Asking Questions ⭐ Cause and Effect ⭐ Characterisation ⭐ Compare and Contrast ⭐ Context Clues ⭐ Determining Importance ⭐ Drawing Conclusions ⭐ Fact and Opinion ⭐ Main Idea and Details ⭐ Making Connections ⭐ Making Inferences ⭐ Making Predictions ⭐ Problem and Solution ⭐ Setting ⭐ Sequencing ⭐ Story Elements ⭐ Summarising ⭐ Synthesising ⭐ Visualising SUGGESTED USE: Focus on one reading strategy at a time. Have students record their responses on the specific graphic organiser as they read. Use the writing templates if you would like students to write a paragraph/page from information documented in the organiser. This resource will also be very useful to teach, review and apply the reading strategies in preparation for Naplan. THIS RESOURCE IS INCLUDED IN THE BUNDLE:https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/reading-strategies-bundle-11614333

This useful pack on fractions will help your students to identify and work with wholes and halves. Included are anchor charts and printables to reinforce conceptual content. All printables may be collated into a booklet for reference. WHAT’S INCLUDED: Student Cover for Booklet Anchor Charts x 4 on Wholes and Halves Identifying Wholes and Halves: colouring shapes Identifying Wholes and Halves: colouring mixed themed visuals Writing one half or one whole as a fraction: fruit visuals Writing one half or one whole in words: fruit visuals Writing one half or one whole as a fraction: food visuals Writing one half or one whole as a fraction: 2D shapes Colouring one half of each picture and writing the fraction Colouring one half of a group of objects and writing the fraction Cutting given pictures to show two equal halves Finding pictures that show one half Determining whether cut pictures show two equal halves Drawing and cutting a shape to show two equal parts four ways Identifying and writing a half of each group of objects Nursery Rhyme ‘Jack and Jill’ activity: colouring half of a group Nursery Rhyme ‘Baa Baa Black Sheep’ activity: colouring half of a group Matching halves: cut and glue each fruit half to its whole Making Equal Shares: cut and glue equal number of cookies to share between two people Graphing Wholes and Halves: spinning the spinner to record wholes and halves

If you are born on Leap Day, will you have to wait four years to celebrate your next birthday? Although, both years are century years, why was the year 2000 a leap year and not the year 1900? What are babies born on Leap Day called? Your students will enjoy knowing the answers to these and many more interesting questions with this 20 Scavenger Hunt Fun Facts pack on Leap Year. WHAT’S INCLUDED ✓ 20 Fact Cards on Leap Year ✓ 3 Recording Sheets ✓ 3 page Answer Key ✓ 13 Writing Templates featuring Leap Year images; 1 blank template included for students to self-illustrate. ACTIVITY ⇒ Place the 20 fact cards on Leap Year around the classroom. Students can work individually, in pairs, or in small groups to find the answers to all 20 questions on their response sheets. They must read the fact card to find the answer for each corresponding fact question on their response sheets. ⇒ Early finishers who complete the Scavenger Hunt can design their writing posters. Wrap-up the activity by getting students together and asking them to share the facts they found the most interesting. They may refer to their recording sheets and posters.

Teach students 20 persuasive techniques of the persuasive writing genre with this interactive fun resource. This pack includes 20 Scavenger Hunt cards, 1 Recording Sheet, and an Answer Key to equip students with necessary content information on persuasive writing techniques that they can apply to their own persuasive essays. The persuasive techniques featured in the 20 hunt cards are: ✓ adjectives ✓ adverbs ✓ alliteration ✓ anecdote ✓ sarcasm ✓ connotations ✓ metaphor ✓ exaggeration ✓ evidence ✓ expert opinion ✓ inclusive language ✓ rhetorical question ✓ simile ✓ emotive words ✓ tone ✓ repetition ✓ imagery ✓ cliché ✓ logic ✓ pun ACTIVITY Place the 20 information cards on Persuasive Writing Techniques around the classroom. Students can work individually, in pairs, or in small groups to find the answers to all 20 questions on their recording sheets. They must read the information on each card to find the answer for each corresponding question on their recording sheets. EVIDENCE OF LEARNING ♦ After the hunt, discuss the answers as a class. I have the pdf version of the hunt open on the interactive whiteboard, so students refer to the information card for each question on their recording sheets. ♦ The interactive nature of the hunt makes it fun for students to learn the persuasive techniques characteristic of a persuasive essay. Students will be more confident to use these techniques when writing. Please note that the 20 Hunt cards feature just a definition of each technique type. Students need to read the definition and identify the persuasive technique. This will enable you to assess prior knowledge and also enable students to consciously think of the answer prior to responding or to make an educated guess. Wish you and your students a successful year!

Scaffold the writing of the parts of a narrative that include the elements of a plot (exposition, inciting incident, conflict, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution) with this comprehensive pack comprising of 40 editable Power Point presentation slides, student guided interactive notes, sample texts, self-editing and peer-editing checklists and marking rubric. Overview of Items Included: 1.40 editable and animated Power Point slides. 2.17 guided note-taking sheets. 3.Cover sheet to collate all note pages into a booklet. 4.Teacher reference notes to use along with the presentation. 5.Sample narrative text for each element of the plot: exposition, inciting incident, conflict, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution 6.Plot diagram to be filled in by student for each element of the plot as it is covered. 7.10 Review/assessment questions on the plot. 8.Picture narrative writing prompt: third-person fictional or personal. 9.Narrative writing prompt: student’s choice 10.Plot diagram for organising story events. 11.Student check-list: self-editing 12.Peer-editing check-list. 13. Teacher marking rubric. 14. Snapshot of all 40 (colour) slides on a sheet for both student (glue in notebooks) and teacher reference. Prints fine in black and white. LESSON ACTIVITY: Collate all guided note sheets (except the story maps) into a booklet. Staple together with cover sheet. Use the story map sheet in conjunction with the guided notes. Students will document content from the presentation. They will highlight key evidence in the sample text and fill up each part of the story map for each element of the plot as it is presented. Keep a separate copy of the story map on hand for each student. This way students don’t have to keep going back and forth through their notes to refer to the story map. Elicit response prior to presenting each slide to gauge students’ prior knowledge or to make them think constructively. Refer to the Teacher Guide as you present. The slides are editable so you will be able to edit content or change spellings. Some text that is locked in with the clip art is not editable; this is in keeping with the artist’s terms of use. EVIDENCE OF LEARNING: Have students practice writing a personal or third-person fictional narrative on the provided picture-writing prompt or on a topic of choice. They use the story map to plan and organise the story events. Students self-edit and peer edit using the self-editing and peer-editing checklist. Use the Teacher Marking Rubric to provide an assessment score. This resource has greatly helped my students to structure their narratives and I hope it will help your students too.

Christmas: Christmas Around the World: Christmas Scavenger Hunt Your students will love hunting for these Christmas Around the World Fact Cards! Moreover they will know interesting facts about how Christmas is celebrated in different parts of the world. WHAT’S INCLUDED ✓ 32 Fact Cards on Christmas around the world (USA, England, Australia, France, Italy, Germany, Norway, Iceland, Australia, Brazil, Mexico, Canada, Sweden, Netherlands, Spain). ✓ 4 Recording Sheets ✓ 4 page Answer Key ✓ 25 Poster Templates featuring Christmas images; 1 blank poster included for students to self-illustrate. ✓ Banners (plain and decorated) ACTIVITY ⇒ Place the 32 fact cards on Christmas around the classroom. Students can work individually, in pairs, or in small groups to find the answers to all 32 questions on their response sheets. They must read the fact card to find the answer for each corresponding fact question on their response sheets. ⇒ Early finishers who complete the Scavenger Hunt can design their posters. Wrap-up the activity by getting students together and asking them to share the facts they found the most interesting. They may refer to their recording sheets and posters. ‡ You may break-up the activity and do cards (1-17) or (18-32) depending upon time available.

Prior to requiring students to write a narrative, it is imperative that they know its structural components. This mini unit will help your students understand the purpose of the three main points of view: First Person, Third Person Limited and Third Person Omniscient. WHAT’S INCLUDED: ✓ Cover Sheet for Booklet. ✓ Anchor Chart (colour and blackline) outlining Point of View. ✓ First Person and Third Person Writing Sample. ✓ Venn Diagram to Compare and Contrast First Person Point of View and Third Person Point of View. ✓ Switching from Third Person point of view to First Person point of view for given prompts. ✓ Switching from First Person point of view to Third Person point of view for given dialogues. ✓ Switching a story extract from the Third Person point of view to the First Person point of view. ✓ Switching a story extract from the First Person point of view to the Third Person point of view. ✓ Writing on a given scenario from two different points of view. ✓ Picture Prompts (x 3): writing from the First person and the Third Person point of view. ✓ Summing Up: 11 multiple-choice questions on understanding the effectiveness of Points of View in writing.

Your students will enjoy learning about Easter with this 32 QR Code Hunt Fun Facts pack. Please note only Fact Card 1 outlines why Easter is celebrated. The rest of the fact cards all feature fun facts and are not of religious significance. WHAT’S INCLUDED 32 QR Code Cards on Easter 4 Recording Sheets 4 page Answer Key 26 Writing Templates featuring Easter images; 1 blank poster included for students to self-illustrate. Banners (plain and decorated) ACTIVITY Place the 32 QR Code Cards around the classroom. Students can work individually, in pairs, or in small groups to find the answers to all 32 questions on their recording sheets. They must scan the QR Code to find the answer for each corresponding question on their recording sheets. Students make an educated guess about the possible answer prior to scanning. Early finishers who complete the Qr Code Hunt can design their posters. They write 2-3 facts on a template of their choice. EVIDENCE OF LEARNING Wrap-up the activity by getting students together and asking them to share the facts they found the most interesting. They may refer to their recording sheets and posters. ** You may break-up the activity and do cards (1-18) or (19-32) depending upon time available. Copy recording sheets accordingly. ** These cards will assess students’ prior knowledge or alternatively pique their interest for them to want to scan the code to reveal the answer. Some cards also have picture clues (without giving away too much) to set up students for success. ONLINE SECURITY Once a QR code is scanned, students are not directed to a website but rather to a text only link. If the QR Code Reader app attempts to display the answer with a web browser, choose the option of view in ‘plain text’ in settings/preferences.

Use this fun hands-on spinner wheels pack to document the life cycles of 8 animals. Both black and white and coloured wheel templates included. There are 3 different base templates to accompany each black and white and coloured wheel cover template. with labels of the life-cycle stages and images with just images for students to label the stages with just images and blank lines for students to label and write a brief overview of each stage in the animal’s life cycle The wheels turn easily anti-clockwise and feature the life cycles of the following animals: Bat Frog Platypus Rabbit Sea Turtle Cow Mouse Sheep Please note these wheel templates do not feature detailed information on the life cycle of the above animals, but are a tool to document student’s findings on the life cycles from books, videos and/or the internet.

MULTIPLICATION: TIMES TABLES: CENTRES ACTIVITY Help your students know their multiplication tables with this fun interactive 0 to 12 times tables wheel pack. There are two writing styles for each of the times tables from 0 to 12. Choose the one you prefer to use in the classroom consistently for students to excel in their multiplication facts. Multiplication facts of 0 will help students better gain conceptual understanding of the value of zero. WHAT'S INCLUDED: ✓ 13 cover wheel templates from 0 to 12 ✓ 13 base wheel templates from 0 to 12 (style A: 2 x 1 = 2) ✓ 13 base wheel templates from 0 to 12 (style B: 1 x 2 = 2) ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS: → Have students first personalise their wheels. They write their name, colour and write in the multiplication facts. → Cut around the circle boundary of each wheel. → Attach both wheels in the middle with a fastener. → Spin to see and practise each multiplication fact. I hope your students will know their multiplication facts like clockwork with the help of these wheel templates.

Scaffold the structural components of a Persuasive Essay with this comprehensive pack of interactive notebook templates, posters, anchor charts, and graphic organisers. FOCUS OF SCAFFOLDED LESSONS ON: * Lesson activities feature the sample text, ‘Fast Food’. 1.The Introduction: hook, opinion, thesis statement 2.Five types of hooks: a strong statement, a scene, a rhetorical question, a definition, and a quotation. 3.The Body Paragraphs: topic sentence (reason), supporting details, concluding sentence 4.The Conclusion: summary statement, re-statement of reasons, call to action SUPPLEMENTARY RESOURCES 1.Graphic organisers on the introduction, body and conclusion (can be used with other topics). 2.6 persuasive writing prompt cards (colour and blackline). 3.Self-editing checklist 4.Peer-editing checklist 5.Teacher Marking Rubric 6.Lined sheets 7.Flipbook (editable) to scaffold structure (maybe used as draft for editing and revising). 8.Posters/Anchor charts on the parts of a Persuasive Essay and persuasive language. 9.Links to four interesting topics for students to gain content knowledge prior to writing their own persuasive essays. Brief Overview of Nature of Work: The Introduction, Body and Conclusion THE INTRODUCTION: Students will read the sample text on fast food (coloured posters) and note the parts of the Introduction. They will also read the sample texts for the five different ways to begin an persuasive essay: a strong statement, a scene, a rhetorical question, a definition, and a quotation. Students will colour-code the parts of the introduction in the five sample texts (interactive notebook templates). Students will then practise writing the five ways of beginning an introduction. They will use a graphic organiser to plan their thesis (interactive notebook templates). THE BODY: Students will read the sample text on fast food (coloured posters) and note the parts of the body: a topic sentence encompassing the reason, supporting details and a concluding sentence. Students will colour-code the parts of the body in the sample text (interactive notebook templates). Students will then practise writing the first body paragraph. They will use a graphic organiser to plan their writing (interactive notebook templates). THE CONCLUSION Students will read the sample conclusion on fast food (coloured poster) and note the parts of the conclusion: a summary statement, re-statement of reasons, call to action. Students will colour-code the parts of the conclusion in the sample text (interactive notebook template). Students will then practise writing the conclusion. They will use a graphic organiser to plan their writing (interactive notebook templates).

This useful pack on fractions will help your students to identify and work with wholes and fifths. Included are anchor charts and printables to reinforce conceptual content. All printables may be collated into a booklet for reference. WHAT’S INCLUDED: Student Cover for Booklet Anchor Charts x 8 on Wholes and Fifths Finding Fifths: circling shapes that show fifths Identifying Halves, Fourths, Thirds and Fifths Colouring a fifth of a shape Colouring fifths of shapes to represent the fractions Colouring fifth of groups Colouring visuals to represent the fractions Drawing Fifths: cutting shapes into 5 equal parts Cut and glue fraction visuals to match fractions Equal Shares: fifths (cut and glue) Spinning Fifths and colouring to show fifths spun Showing fifths via cross-sections Identifying visuals of Fifths and writing the fraction Writing fifths as fractions for given visuals Interpreting ‘Fraction of’ problem: fifths

BUDGETING: FINANCIAL PLANNING AND GRAPHING: FINANCIAL LITERACY This fun unit on budgeting features interactive activities to enable students to plan a budget taking into account earned income, expenses and a short-term spending goal. All written content in this unit is editable providing you with the flexibility to modify the resource to meet your students’ needs. You will be able to change all written content (spellings, currency format etc) - simply type inside the text box in the editable Power Point file. A Pdf file is also included if you do not wish to make any changes. All clipart is locked in accordance with the artists’ terms of use. Font is embedded. Content This unit comprises of the following activities:Four tasks that facilitate an understanding of what it means to budget wisely. ➀ My Lucky Week (editable) Planning expenses with no relation to income. Students get a feel of expenses and work with decimal numbers to calculate total cost. ➁ On a Budget (editable) Planning expenses in relation to a stipulated income. Students need to determine how to best budget to keep their expenses less than the given income. ➂ Reaching My Goal (editable) Planning expenses in relation to a given income and achieving a short term goal. Students work out a spending plan to achieve a short-term goal. ➃ My Personal Budget (editable) Drawing up a personal budget plan on the basis of personal income received and wants. Students determine the feasibility of a budget plan through constructed reflection. Other Activities(EDITABLE) ⭐ Creation of Bar Graphs to show differences and comparisons in expenditure for each of the four budgeting activities. ⭐ Making wise choices from the Dream Collection Catalogue to achieve a short term goal. ⭐ Constructive reflection on a budget plan with emphasis on spending patterns. ⭐ Self-assessment, peer assessment and teacher assessment using rubrics as a tool. Choice of two sets of rubrics for each type of assessment are provided. One set has scores allotted to each criteria, while criteria in the other set can be ticked or highlighted. ⭐ Flashcards featuring key mathematical vocabulary when working with planning a financial budget. ⭐ Task sheets feature both coloured and blackline versions. ⭐ Booklet cover (2 options) and a poster defining a ‘budget’ (3 options). Duration Each of the four activities in this unit can be completed in one and a half hours over five days. Students may write their reflections and complete self and peer assessments on the fifth day.

Wearing the colour red, eating candied crab apples and giving red envelopes with money (hongbao/lai see); these are some of the fascinating traditions in this 32 fun facts pack on Chinese New Year. WHAT’S INCLUDED 32 Fact Cards on Chinese New Year. 4 Recording Sheets 4 page Answer Key 11 Poster Templates featuring New Year images; 1 blank poster included for students to self-illustrate. ACTIVITY Place the 32 fact cards on Chinese New Year around the classroom. Students can work individually, in pairs, or in small groups to find the answers to all 32 questions on their response sheets. They must read the fact card to find the answer for each corresponding fact question on their response sheets. Early finishers who complete the Scavenger Hunt can design their writing posters. Wrap-up the activity by getting students together and asking them to share the facts they found the most interesting. They may refer to their recording sheets and posters. ** You may break-up the activity and do cards (1-17) or (18-32) depending upon time available.

Use this fun hands-on spinner wheels pack to document the life cycles of 6 Arctic Animals. Both black and white and coloured wheel templates included. There are 3 different base templates to accompany each black and white and coloured wheel cover template. with labels of the life-cycle stages and images with just images for students to label the stages with just images and blank lines for students to label and write a brief overview of each stage in the animal’s life cycle The wheels turn easily anti-clockwise and feature the life cycles of the following Arctic Animals: Arctic Fox Harp Seal Puffin Reindeer Snowy Owl Walrus Please note these wheel templates do not feature detailed information on the life cycle of the above animals, but are a tool to document students’ findings on the life cycles from books, videos and/or the internet.

*Have your students graph and interpret data in line graphs with these fun centre interactive activities. There are 8 line graph centre activities (blackline and colour) in this pack. * Each graphing activity includes the following: a given scenario or problem visual picture cards a line graph template with scale intervals marked a task card including questions to interpret data collected Answer keys You will find the following line graph centres in this pack: * Chocolate Fundraiser * Hotdog Sales * Temperature Blues * Growing Up * Sprouting Forth * Diet Trial * Test Scores * Pizza Sales CENTRE ACTIVITY: Task sheets require students to interpret created graphs and target a variety of questions related to addition, subtraction and finding the mean of given data. Pack also includes flashcards that feature key mathematical vocabulary when working with Line Graphs. **PREPARATION: ** Cut, laminate and place each set of visual cards in zip-lock bags together with the task card, response sheet and answer key in a file folder for use in math rotation groups and independent centres. A file folder cover (choice of 2) can be pasted on the cover of each file folder.

Christmas in Australia fact cards will take your students on a Scavenger Hunt for interesting facts on how Christmas is celebrated in Australia. Your students will have fun as they learn about the history, culture, custom, and tradition of Christmas festive celebrations in Australia. The best part is that they will be able to document their learning in a flipbook/interactive notebook and even design poster templates after finding answers to key questions after the Scavenger Hunt. This is sure to make an interesting classroom display. WHAT’S INCLUDED ✓ 16 Fact Cards on Christmas in Australia ✓ 2 Recording Sheets ✓ 2 page Answer Key ✓ 22 Poster Templates featuring Christmas images; 1 blank poster included for students to self-illustrate. ✓ Flipbook templates (4 pages) on facts collected ✓ Banners (plain and decorated) PARTS OF THE FLIPBOOK/INTERACTIVE NOTEBOOK Cover Page (8 options): Student details ♥ Australia: flag, population, capital city, national symbols, Christmas greeting ♥ Festive Food: turkey, ham, roast beef, seafood and dessert. ♥ Custom and Tradition: Carols by Candlelight, Adelaide Christmas Pageant, Christmas Eve, Christmas Day. → * photographs of sample parts of completed flipbook included with assembly instructions. These can be shown on an interactive whiteboard to students to model compilation. → * Picture prompts help students to recall facts from the Scavenger Hunt, alternatively they can refer to responses on recording sheets. ACTIVITY ♦ Place the 16 fact cards on Christmas in Australia around the classroom. Students can work individually, in pairs, or in small groups to find the answers to all 16 questions on their response sheets. They must read the fact card to find the answer for each corresponding fact question on their response sheets. ♦ Early finishers who complete the Scavenger Hunt can design their posters and fill-in sections of the flipbook. Wrap-up the activity by getting students together and asking them to share the facts they found the most interesting. They may refer to their recording sheets, posters and flipbook.

Students will use card visuals to record pizza sales over a given period of time. They will plot and interpret data on a line graph. ► Items Included: ✓ File folder cover (2 options): if placing all items in a file at a centre ✓ Single large task card (colour and blackline) on a sheet outlining the task ✓ Two small task cards (colour and blackline) on a sheet outlining the task ✓ ine graph sheet to plot data (single- large and two small on a sheet) ✓ esponse Sheet to interpret data (single- large and two small on a sheet) ✓ visual data cards featuring number of pizzas sold ✓ ample Response /Answer Key (single- large and two small on a sheet) ✓ poster defining a Line Graph ►Activity: Students will follow the instructions on the task card to collect data and plot it on the line graph. They will then interpret data collected by answering questions. To save on paper, you have the option to print two templates on a single sheet for all printables in this pack.

Celebrate Australia Day in your classroom with this bright bunting banner reading, ‘Happy Australia Day ’. PREPARATION Cut out each bunting flag and laminate for durability. Staple to a ribbon or display on a bulletin board.