Saint Oswald ( c.604-642)was king of Northumbria (634-642) until his death and is venerated as a saint. As a youth he was exiled to Iona, Columbia’s island, in the Scottish kingdom of Dal Riata in Northern Britain, where he was converted to Christianity. His brother Eanfrith became king of Bernicia but was killed by Cadwallon in 633/4 after attempting to negotiate peace. Oswald fought Cadwallon in the battle at Heavenfiels, near Hexham. He had a vision of Columba before the battle which he described to his council. They all agreed to be baptized and accept Christianity after the battle. Before the battle he erected a wooden cross. He knelt down, holding the cross in position until enough earth had been thrown to make it stand firm. He then prayed and asked his small army to join him. In the battle which followed Oswald was victorious. Cadwallon was killed. The tall, fair, blued eyed King Oswald reunited Norhthumbria and re-established the Berniccian supremacy. He established himself as the most powerful king in Britain. Adomnan describes Oswald as ‘ordained by God as Emperor of all Britain’. He was able to speak the 4 languages of Britain- Britons, Scots, Picts and English. He was on good terms with the West Saxons. He stood sponsor tot the baptism of king Cynegils and married his daughter Kyneburga. Oswald asked for a bishop from the Irish of Dal Riata. The first, an ‘austere’ bishop, was not successful. The second, Aidan proved to be very successful. He was given the island of Lindisfarne as his episcopal see. The Venerable Bede mentions that Oswald initially interpreted Aidan’s preaching because he did not know English well. Bede recounts Oswald’s generosity to the poor and strangers. One Easter, while dining with Aidan. he hears from a servant that there is a crowd in the streets begging for alms from the king. Oswald gives his * silver dish full of dainties* to them and the dish is broken up. Aidan is so impressed he takes Oswald’s right hand and says May this hand never perish. Saint Oswald died fighting the pagan Mercians under Penda in 642 in the battle of Maserfoeld. Bede says he ended his life in prayer when he realised he was about to die. His head and limbs were placed on stakes. His bones were dispersed as relics, but his head was buried at Lindisfarne - later taken to Durham when the monks fled before the Danish invasion. . After his death, according to Bede, the site where he died * Oswestry or Oswald’s Tree became associated with miracles and legend. Sources used The Churches Year by Charles Alexander Wikipedia

Two information sheets about travelling by rail -Train journey to London and Travel using the Channel Tunnel. There is also a short crossword/ word search (answers supplied). Clip art sheet for ‘best’ copy Added general Rescue vocabulary sheet.

Eight men who have done extraordinary feats. One walked extraordinary distances. One skied down K2. Several have climbed Everest and climbed other mountains over 8,000 without needing extra oxygen. Some of their firsts were done solo without using dogs or motorised transport. Together Mike Hearn and Borge Ousland walked for 2 months in total darkness, on paper thin ice, to the North Pole! Andrew Skurka - American backpacker -long distance hiker -7,778 miles Andrzej Leszek Bargiel - Polish dare devil skier who skied down K2 Borge Ousland -Norwegian explorer of North and South Poles Ed Stafford -UK first non-indigenous person to walk the entire Amazon River. Eric Larsen - American - North and South Pole plus Everest Leo Houlding- UK - rock climber - first to free climb El Capitan Mike Horn- South African - Poles explorer and climbed 8000+ without oxygen Nirmal Purja -Nepalese Mountaineer - climbed Everest, Lhotse & Makalu in 48hrs

Saint Gregory is best remembered for looking at some English slaves at the Forum in Rome, in the sixth century, and referring to them as angles. He became a prefect of Rome when he was only 30. He decided to become a monk and had his family home changed into a monastery. Later he became Abbot of St.Andrew’s monastery - his former home. When he saw the slaves he decided that he wanted to go on a mission to England to convert them to Christianity. The Pope Pelaguis II refused his request. Twenty years later, when Gregory became Pope, he sent St, Augustine to fulfill his dream. I have included a brief history, some information from Wikipdedia, pictures and a brief crossword and word search with answers

Over the years I have encouraged children to write about fires with a different emphasis at times. The first two sheets were created following a strike by the fireman and the army were using their green goddess fire engines - current event. The short story was written by me. Six of the sheets have a strong history connection - the Fire of London and the Gun Powder plot during the reign of the Stuarts. The two sheets on fire in the countryside deal with the every day problem of fires which can occur on very hot days in the summer. Three poem aids are included. The first two deal with fires the third deals with fireworks. Over the years I had a number of interesting poems to read.

Whilst browsing in TKMax I came across three excellent books about the Medieval England. Chronicles of the Middle Ages ISBN 978 1 908177 89 6 price £11.99. pub 2015 The book has been created by Book House. book -house.co.uk There are 96+pages to this colourful, interesting informative book . Certain pages open up to give you a 4 page display. I have included the index and a picture of a knight. How to be a knight by Sir Geoffrey de Lance ISBN 9781840119282 price 12.99 pub 2006 The book has been created by Templaf templatco.co.uk It is a 3D book with 12 beautifully illustrated double pages packed with information. Knights by Simon Adams ISBN 9781844420117 price £14.99 pub The book has been created by Carlton books It is a strong 3D book with 14 double pages beautifully illustrated packed with information. A number of years ago, whilst teaching in a Middle school, I created some work sheets -list shown - see Medieval England.

Martin Luther King was a gifted African- American Preacher and civil rights leader. His sermonic appeals for justice and personal activism helped change the course of American life. His most famous appeal was* I have a dream* speech - a dream for freedom and equality for black people. ( Read I had a dream speech). I have included a brief bibliography of his life written by History . It highlights all the important events of his public life - from his birth to his assassination ( page 1, of 4, lists the highlights). As a preacher his sermons became more Christ centred with a growing emphasis on the cross. He was one of the most compelling speakers of the twentieth century. Michael Duduit in his list of top 10 twentieth preachers in the world ranked Martin 4th. ( Read 4. Martin Luther King, Jr) Martin considered himself a preacher of the gospel rather than a civil rights leader. Fundamentally he was clergyman, a Baptist preacher. He was tragically assassinated in 1968. May his dream one day be fulfilled. I have also included 2 large print pages I used when teaching. Sources History The 10 greatest preachers of the 20th century

Rebecca Lee Crumpler (nee Davis) was an American physician and author. She initially trained as a nurse but in 1864 she became the first African-American female doctor of medicine in the USA. She was the only female physician author in the 19th century A Book of Medical Discourses (1883) She dedicated herself to treating women an children who lived in poverty. Rebecca treated patients regardless of their ability to pay and often took no money for her work As a child she excelled in mathematics. In the 1870s she attended the elite West newton English and Classical School in Massachusetts. She taught in Wilmington beginning in 1874 and in New Castle, Delaware beginning in 1876 She married Wyatt Lee, a Virginia native and former slave in 1852. This was his second marriage and his son Albert dies aged just 7. This tragedy motivated her to become a nurse. She studied nursing for the next 8 years( 1855-64). The doctors and nurses are impressed with her knowledge and skills and encourage her to enroll in medical college. In 1860 she wins a scholarship to train as a doctor at the New England Female Medical College, Boston. She was the first and only African=American physician in her class. (Read Education -Nursing and medical school) In 1864 she become the first African- American woman to earn a medical degree. That year, because of the US Civil War (1861-5), she lost her funding and then her husband to tuberculosis . On 24th May 1865 she marries Arthur Crumpler a former fugitive slave. They are both active members of the Twelfth Baptist church where Arthur is a trustee. They move to Richmond , Virginia. She helps slaves rebuild their lives after slavery. She treated patients who otherwise would not have received medical care. She was subject to ‘intense racism’ and sexism while practicing medicine. She is shunned by fellow doctors and has problems getting the medication required. They return to Boston ((1869) where she sets up a medical clinic in a mainly African- American community of Beacon Hill. She treats women and children for free, if they are unable to pay. They stay there until 1880 11 years. By 1883 they are now living in Hyde Park, New York. She writes her medical journal * A Book of Medical Discourses*(BofMD) it was dedicated to nurses and mothers and focused on the medical care of women and children.(Read BofMD) Rebecca died in 9th March 1895, aged 64. She overcame a number of obstacles. She was the first African- American to become a doctor in the USA. She was the first African- American to publish a medical book. She is an inspiration for those who follow in her footsteps. On 16thJuly, 2020 a gravestone, following a ceremony, was finally installed at Fairview Cemetery to mark where Rebecca and Arthur were buried. Sources Amazon Timelines from Black History

Phillis Wheatley Peters, also spelled Phyllis and Wheatly, was the first African-American author of a published book of poems - Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. Phillis was born in West Africa, probably present day Gambia or Senegal. She was sold into slavery aged 7 or 8 and transported to North America. She arrived in Boston, in the British Colony of Massachusetts, on 11th July 1761. She was enslaved by the Wheatley family of Boston. She was named Phillis after the name of the ship which transported her The Phillis. She was given the last name of Wheatley since it was common custom, if any surname was used, for enslaved people. The Wheatleys gave her the opportunity to learn to read and write and encouraged her talent for writing poetry. Their daughter Mary was her first tutor in reading and writing. Their son Nathaniel also helped. By the age of 12 she was reading Greek and Latin classics in their original language In 1770 she wrote a tribute to the evangelist George Whitefield. Many of her poems expressed Christian themes and many were dedicated to famous figures. In 1772 she successfully defended her authorship in court. The signed attestation is included in the preface to her book ( See ‘Poetry’) In 1773, aged 20, she made a trip to London, with her master’s son,seeking to find publication of her work. It was also thought it would help her health - she suffered from chronic asthma. Phillis met prominent people who became patrons. She had an audience with the Lord mayor of London, Frederick Bull. Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntington, subsidized volumes of her poems. Selina became ill so they never actually met. Poems on various subjects, Religious and Moral was published in London on 1st September 1773. It brought her fame in both England and the American colonies. She met George Washington in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1776. Jupiter Hammon praised her work in a poem. She *became the most famous African on the face of the earth *Voltaire. Phillis was emancipated (set free from slavery in November 1773 by the Wheatleys. But she soon lost the support of the Wheatleys, Susanna diedi n 1774, and John in 1778. She met and married John Peters, a free black grocer. They struggled with poor living conditions. They lost 2 babies. In 1784 he was imprisoned. Phillis went o work as a scullery maid in a boarding house. She became ill and died on th 5th December 1784. Her infant son soon after. Despite her early fame Phillis died in poverty and obscurity at the age of just 31. She is honored as the first African -American to publish a book of poetry and the first to make a living from her writings. 2002 Molefi Kete Asante listed her as one of his 100 greatest African- Americans For more ‘Legacy and Honors’ read notes. Sources Amazon Timelines from bBack History Wikipedia

William Edward Burhardt du Bois (23rd February 1868 - 27th August 1963) was an African-American (A-A) sociologist, socialist, historian, civil rights activist, author, writer and editor. He graduated from Berlin University. He was the first A-A to earn a doctorate at Harvard University. He was a professor of history, sociology and economics at Atlanta University. He was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and editor of its official magazine The Crisis. He rose to national prominence as the leader of the Niagara Movement - a group A-A activists that wanted equal rights for blacks. NAACP was founded on 12th February 1909 ( the 100th anniversary of the birth of President Abraham Lincoln who emancipated enslaved A-A)) by a group of A-As in response to the Springfield race Riots of Illinois in 1908 which highlighted the injustices that the black community were subjected to. On May 30th the conference of the Niagara Movement was held at New York’s Settlement House, De Bois helped organize the event and presided over the proceedings. They decided the purpose of the organization was To ensure the political, educational, social and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination. The members chose the name NAACP and elected their first officers. De Bois was elected Director of Publicity and Research. In 2007 NAACP had approximately 425,000 paying and non-paying members In his role as editor of The Crisis a record of darker days - he published many influential pieces. I determine to make the opinion of the ‘Crisis’ a personal opinion. It was used for both news reporting and publishing A-A poetry and literature. In the campaign against lynching he encouraged the writing and performing of plays. The Crisis has been in continuous print since 1910. It is the oldest Black oriented magazine in the world. By 1918 it had over 100, 000 readers. It is a quarterly journal of civil rights, history, politic and culture and seeks to educate and challenge its readers about issues that continue to plague A-A and other colored communities ( See ‘The Crisis’ for 2 early covers) William was a prolific writer. *Dusk of Dawn* (1940), his first autobiography of 3, is regarded in part as one of the first scientific treatises in the field of American sociology. His cause included people of color, especially Africans and Asians. He believed that capitalism was a primary cause of racism, and he was generally sympathetic to socialist causes throughout his life. W.E.B. Du Bois, died, aged 95, in Accra, Ghana on 27th August 1963. The United States’ Civil Rights Act (1964) embodied many of the reforms for which he had campaigned his whole life, was enacted a year after his death. Wikipedia

In the Olympics we compete under the Great Britain Flag. Anthony Oluwafemi Olaseni Joshua (b. 1989), or simply Anthony Joshua,. As an amateur he won Olympic gold at the 2012 Olympics in London. He won the super-heavyweight boxing title. In 2014 he turned professional. He currently shares the titles of World Heavyweight Champion with Tyson Fury. Christine Ijeoma 0hurogu ( b, 1984) was a British track athlete who specialised over the 400 metres. She is a former Olympic, World and Commonwealth champion. She became Olympic Champion in 2008 at Beijing. She also won medals as a member of the 4x400 relay team. In June 2018 she confirmed she had retired from athletics. Darren Andrew Campbell (b. 1973) is a former British sprint athlete. He was an excellent and consistent relay runner. He competed in the 100, 200 and 4 x100 relays. He won gold in the 4 x 100 relay in Athens in 2004. He retired in 2006. He was the sprint coach at Wasps rugby club for the 2015-6 season. Denise Lewis (b. 1972) is a former athlete who specialised in the heptathlon ( 7 events over 2 days). She won her Olympic gold medal in the event at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. She is ranked 3rd on the all time British lists. Since retiring she has worked regularly as a presenter and pundit for athletics. Dame Jessica Ennis Hill (b 1986) was the ‘cover’ girl for London in the 2012 Olympics. She won her gold medal for the heptathlon. She also won 3 World titles. She is ranked 2nd in the all time British list. Today Jessica is regularly seen in adverts. She is a columnist for the The Times. Dame Kelly Holmes ( b 1970) was a very successful British middle distance runner over 800 & 1500 metres. She joined British Army and in 1993 turned professional. She won medals but was prone to injuries. In 2004, which proved to be her final championship -the Athens Olympics - she won double gold! Today she is a regular face on the media. Linford Cicero Christie (b 1960)- sprinter. He is the only British man to have won gold medals at all 4 Championships. In 1992 he finally won gold, aged 32 at Barcelona Olympics. 9.96 for 100 metres. 1993 BBC’s Sports Personality of the Year. Nicola Adams (b 1982) -female flyweight boxer - won gold in London (2012) and Rio (2016) as an amateur. Won full set of titles. Turned professional in 2017 but now retired because of eye injury. Sir Mohamed Muktar James Farah (b1983) - MoJo. Britain’s greatest long distance runner - won gold at 5 and 10, 000 metres in 2012 & 16. The first person to win the quadruple double. BBC’s Sports Personality of the Year 2017. 2018 won Chicago Marathon. Theresa Ione ‘Tessa’ Sanderson - javelin - won gold at 1984 Los Angles. Fatima Whitbread was her British rival. Won 10 AAAs championships. She competed in 6 Olympics. Tessa was the first black British woman to win Olympic gold . 1999-2005 Vice-chairman of Sports England. In 2012 Tessa was appointed as a board member of the Olympic Park Legacy Company.

I have only changed the title. TES might have thought it was the same as first set and canceled the first set! Kept to same formula - picture plus brief notes. Arthur Wharton (1865-1930) is widely considered to be the first professional footballer, from a mixed-heritage, in the world. Christian Frederick Cole (1852-1885) was the first black graduate of the University of Oxford and also the first African barrister to practice in the English Courts. He was the grandson of a slave and the adopted son of the Rev. James Cole of Waterloo. Clive Sullivan (1943-1985) was an international rugby league player. He played for Hull F.C., Hull Kingston Rovers, Oldham and Doncaster. He was the first black captain for Great Britain in any sport. He led the Great Britain team in 1972 when they won the Rugby League World Cup. Emma Clarke (1876-1905), born in Bootle, Liverpool, was a British footballer and is considered to be the first known black women’s footballer in Britain. Her sister, Jane, also played football. Evelyn Mary Dove (1902-1987) was a British singer and actress. Her father, Francis (Frans) Dove was a leading Sierra Leonean barrister. Her mother was Augusta Winchester a white English woman. Evelyn was the first black singer on BBC Radio. Harry Edwards (1898-1973) Father was Guyanese and his mother German. He was a prisoner of war (POW) in WW1, in Germany. Following the war he immigrated to Great Britain. He became a British runner who competed in the 100 and 200 metres in the 1920 Summer Olympic Games in Antwerp. He won Olympic bronze medals in both events, becoming Britain’s first black Olympic medalist. In the 200 metres final he injured himself so he withdrew from the 4 x100 relay. He later moved to New York City. James Peters (1879-1954) is another rugby player. he was known as ‘Darkie Peters’. He played both union and league. he is notable for being the first black man to play rugby union for England. His father George Peters was Jamaican, his mother was Hannah Gough from Wem in Shropshire. His father was mauled to death in a training cage for lions. In 1910 lost 3 fingers in a dockland accident but continued to play. Lilian Bader (1917-2015) was born in Liverpool. Her father was Barbadian and her mother Irish. In 1939 she worked briefly in the Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes (NAAFI) but was forced to leave because she was black. In 1941 she volunteered to join the WAAF to train as an Instrumental Repairer. She passed her course ‘First class’ and became one of the first women in the air force to qualify in that trade.She gained promotion to Acting Corporal. Wilfred Denniston Wood (b.1936) became the first black Anglican bishop - Bishop of Croydon (1985-2002). Winifred Atwell (1910-1983) was a Trinidadian pianist who enjoyed great popularity in Britain and Australia. She was the first black person to have a No.! hit in the UK Single charts. She is still the only female instrumentalist to do so.

Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration The extensive overseas exploration was led by the Portuguese. Prince Henry, the Navigator (1394-1460) the fourth child of King John 1, was the central administrative figure in the early days sending the new caravel ships to other continents through the systematic exploration of Western Africa. Diogo Cao (c.1452-c.1486) was one of the notable navigators.He made 2 voyages along the coast of Africa in the 1480s - explored the River Congo and the coasts of the present day Angola and Namobia. On his trips he took stone pillars engraved with the Portuguese royal arms (padraos) which he erected in every new place he discovered. Bartolomeu Dias (c.1450- 1500) was a Portuguese mariner and explorer. He was the first European mariner to round the southern tip of Africa.He explored an an additional 1,000 miles of African coastline. At the time he received little recognition of his accomplishments. Vasco da Gama (1460 or 1469 - 1524) was the first European to reach India by sea. His voyage to India by way of Cape of Good Hope (1497-9) was the first to link Europe and Asia by an ocean route. Vitus Jonassen Bering, also known as Ivan Ivanovich Bering,(1681-1741) was a Danish cartographer and explorer and an officer in the Russian Navy in Russian. He lead 2 Russian expeditions - First Kamchatka and the Great Northern -exploring the north-eastern coast of the Asian Continent and the western coast on the North American continent Vitus became ill and the island he died on was named after him - Bering Island. The Strait, Sea, Glacier and Land Bridge were also named in his honour. Aleksei Ilyich Chirikov (1703-1748) was deputy to Vitus Bering during the Great Northern Expedition. He took part in creating the final map of the Russian discoveries in the Pacific Ocean. He also had islands and capes named after him. Johann Ludwig Burckhardt/ John Lewis/ Jean Louis Burckhatdt (1784-1817) a Swiss traveller, geographer and Orientalist assumed the moniker of Sheikh Ibrahim Ibn Abdullah during his travels in Arabia. He rediscovered the ruins of the ancient Nabataean city of Petra in Jordan. He visited Mecca and wrote down in his journals detailed observations of the city. Gertrude Bell (1868- 1926) was an English writer, traveller, administrator, & archaeologist who explored & mapped Syria- Palestine, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor and Arabia. Her knowledge was highly influential in British imperial policy- making. Sven Anders Hedin (1865-1952) was Swedish geographer topographer, explorer, photographer, travel writer and illustrator. He made 4 expeditions to Central Asia and visited many countries. His adventure stories for young readers and his lecture tours abroad made him world famous. ** Central Asia Atlas** published posthumously. Dame Freya Nadekine Stark DBE (1893-1993) was an Anglo-Italian explorer and travel writer.- wrote more than 24 books. First non-Arab to travel through the Southern Arabian desert.

The beginning on the 16th century saw explorers setting off around the world in search of trade and plunder. Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521), a Portugese explorer, is referred to being the first explorer to navigate around the earth. He never made it! He was killed on Mactan island in the Philippines. First Joao Lopes Carvalho became their leader. Then Juan Sebastian Elcano took over and successfully completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth on the *Victoria. Sir Francis Drake (1540-1596) an English explorer, sea captain, privateer, slave trader, naval officer and politician, completed the circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition from 1577-80. Received knighthood from Elizabeth 1 in 1581. He went on to become vice-admiral , second in command during the Spanish Armada in 1588 Spain branded him a pirate Sir Thomas Cavendish (1560-1592) was an English explorer and privateer known as The Navigator. Like Drake he raided the Spanish towns and ships in the Pacific and completed a circumnavigation of the globe. His major prize was the 600 ton Manila galleon Santa Ana which made him very rich - Elizabeth1 knighted him on his return. (read the notes). He died at sea while on his second global trip. William Dampier (1651-1715) was an English explorer, privateer, navigator and naturalist. He was the first person to do it 3 times. He was the first Englishman to explore parts of Australia. He was among the first to identify names of new plants, animals, foods and cooking techniques for a European audience .(read his Legacy) George Anson,1st Baron Anson ( 1697-1762) was a Royal Navy officer who rose to the rank of First Lord of the Admiralty (1757-62). He under took his global trip during the War of Jenkins’ Ear. As admiral he carried out many reforms including tightening discipline throughout the Navy. Vice-Admiral John Byron (nickname Foul Weather Jack) (1723-1786) a British Navy officer. He sailed with George Anson but his ship was wrecked in Chile. It was not until 1764-6 as a commodore of his own squadron, did he complete the globe trip.officer. Louis Antoine de Bougainville, was a French admiral and explorer who did a circumnavigation of the globe in a scientific expedition in 1763 which included the first recoded settlement on the Falkland islands. Charles Wilkes (1798- 1877) - an American naval officer, ship’s captain and explorer led the United States Exploring Expedition (1838-42), which completely encircled the globe, it was the last all-sail naval mission to do so. Sources Encyclopedia of Great Explorers. wikipedia

Explorers wanted to find an alternative route to Asia by Sea. They decided to go west. Instead of finding Asia they found the North and South America. Christopher Columbus ( c.1451-1506) an Italian set out in 1492 to find Cipangu in Japan instead he found America. John Cabot (c.1450-1500) in 1497 decided to take a shorter route and landed at Newfoundland or Nova Scotia - both are in modern Canada. 4 Europeans in 1499-1500 went south and found South America. Americo Vespucci went with Alonso de Ojeda. The other 2 were Vincente Yanez Pinzon - who found the estuary to the mighty River Amazon- and Pedro Alvares Cabral - who is celebrated as the discover of Brazil by the Brazilians Giovanni da Verrazzano (1485-1528) is renowned as the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of North America between Florida and new Brunswick in 1524, including New York Bay. William Adams (1564-1620) was an English navigator who in 1600 was the first Englishman to reach Japan when leading a 5 ship expedition for a private Dutch Fleet (only 1 ship reached Japan). He was known in Japan as 'the pilot of Miura’and became a key advisor to the shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu. Henry Hudson (c.1565-23rd June 1611) was an English explorer and navigator best known for explorations of Canada and the northeastern USA in his ship Half Moon. In 1607 & 1608 tried to find the Northeast Passage to Cathay. In 1611 most of his crew mutinied - he with his son and 7 others set adrift- they were never seen again.Hudson River,/Strait/Bay named after him. Martin Frobisher (c.1535-1594) was an English seaman and privateer who made 3 voyages to the New World looking for the North-west Passage. In 1576 he sailed past Iceland and Greenland across the Davis Strait to the south of Baffin Island. On his voyage he thought he had found gold - brought tons back to UK only to find it was a worthless rock. Richard Chancellor (died 10th November 1556) was an English explorer and navigator. He was the first to penetrate to the White Sea and establish relations with the Tsardom of Russia. Returning to UK in a fleet of 4 ships, with the first Russian ambassador on board, the ships met bad weather off the coast of Norway which eventually cost Richard his life and many others. ( Read extract). Willem Barebtsz (c.1550-1597) was a Dutch navigator, cartographer and Arctic explorer. He went on 3 expeditions- on the third they discovered Spitsbergen and Bear Island. They ended stranded on Novaya Zemlya for almost a year. Died on return voyage in 1597. Sir John Franklin (1786-1847) was a British Royal Navy officer and Arctic explorer. Led 2 expeditions into the Canadian Arctic in 1819 and 1825. In 1845 his ships were icebound off King William Island. He died on 11th June 1847, all crew died later. Adolf Eric Norden Skiold (1832-1901) Finland- Swedish ( Read long lists of expeditions) Roald Amundsen (1872-1928) in 1903-6 first to successfully navigate the Northwest Passage on the Gjoa

Thomas Cranmer was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1533- 1556. He was the archbishop responsible for successfully getting HenryV111 's divorce from his first wife , Catherine of Aragon. (He also married his next 5 wives.)Henry then declared himself Supreme head of the English church- Thomas became the first Protestant Archbishop of England. (For this piece of work iI have used two main sources Great Leaders of the Christian Church (GL of CC) Britannica Online Encyclopedia (B.O.E) Thomas was born on 2nd July 1489 in Nottinghamshire. He went to Jesus college, Cambridge and received a fellowship in 1523. Early on he rejected the claims that the Pope had supremacy over the ruler of each country. (read Cranmer the Erastian - GL of CC). In August 1529 a plague known as the sweating sickness swept the country and Thomas went to stay at his father’s house in Waltham, Essex. HenryV111 was visiting the area and two of the king’s councillors met Thomas - they discussed the future divorce. The king called Thomas for an interview. Thomas agreed to create a treatise. (Read* Entry into Royal Service* - B.O.E.) When William Warham, the aged archbishop of Canterbury died in August 1532, a replacement was needed. Stephen Gardiner, the obvious candidate was out of favour. Thomas, now chief adviser on ecclesiastical matters, was chosen. In March 1533 he was consecrated and instituted at Canterbury. In May he declared the marriage to Catherine of Argon void and pronounced the marriage to Anne Boleyn valid. He did as he was told with regards to the other marriages that followed. With regard to church matters he created the Book of Common Prayer in the language of the people - English replaced Latin. He provided the church with one book containing all services for daily, Sunday and occasional use, as well as a Book of Psalms. In the year Henry V111 died, 1517, and Edward V1 became king,Thomas published a Book Of Homilies which was designed to meet the notorious grievance that the unreformed clergy did not preach enough. He was also influential in fixing the doctrinal anchors of the reformed Church of England. The 42 articles of !553 became the 39 articles in 1571. These articles anchor the church in the scriptures , the creeds and Reformed catholicity. On the death of Edward V! and the short 9 day ‘reign’ of Lady Jane Grey - who Thomas had supported Mary1 became queen. Mary was Roman Catholic and wanted Thomas to recant his beliefs on oath. Refusal meant he would be martyred. He briefly agreed but was still burnt at the stake- March 21st 1556 - he made sure his right hand which had signed the paper was first in the fire. Thomas was the leader of the English Reformation and was responsible for establishing the basic structures of the Church of England. He died as a martyr for the English form of R The Britannica Online Encyclopedia article on Thomas Cramner is excellent. .

Booker Talisferro Washington (15th April 1856-14th November 1915) was the first African-American (A-A) to dine at the White House. He was an educator, author, orator and adviser to multiple presidents. Between 1890 and 1915 he was the dominant leader of the A-A community and the contemporary elite. He was one of the founders of the National Negro Business League. He mobilized a national coalition of middle-class blacks, church leaders and white philanthropists and politicians, In 1901 his second biographyUp From Slavery became best seller. In October 1901 he was invited by President Theodore Roosevelt to Washington to dine with him and his family at the White House. This was the first highly publicized occasion when an A-A was invited there on equal terms. His long term goal was to end the disenfranchisement (disappointment) of the vast majority of A-As who lived in the South. Source Wikipedia

Jane Mathison Haining (1897-1944) was a Scottish missionary for the church of Scotland in Budapest, Hungary. On 17th July 1944 she died in the infamous German concentration camp of Auschwitz. Jane, born on 6th June 1897, at Lochenhead farm, Duncore, Dumfrieshire, Scotland was the fifth child of Thomas and Jane Mathison. Her mother died giving birth to their sixth child in 1902, Jane was about 5. She grew up as a member of the Craig Church in Dunscore, part of the United Free church of Scotland. In 1909 she won a scholarship to Dunfries Academy where she boarded in the Moat Hostel for Girls. She graduated as the school’s dux (top pupil). After graduating she trained at the Athenaeum Commercial College in Glasgow. From 1917-27 she worked in Paisley for J.and P. Coats Ltd, a thread manufacturer, first as a clerk then as a secretary. She attended Queen’s Park West United Free church and taught Sunday School. This is when she thought about becoming a missionary. In 1927 she attended a meeting in Glasgow of the Jewish Mission Committee where the Rev. Dr. George Mackenzie discussed his missionary work. I have found my lifework! she reportedly said to a friend. Jane continued to work at Coats for nearly a year and a half - her manager at work was ill (5 months) and it took a year to train her replacement. She then did a 1 year diploma course at Glasgow College for Domestic Science in domestic science and housekeeping. After this she worked temporarily in Glasgow and then in Manchester as a matron. In 1932 she saw an ad in Life and Work for a matron in a Jewish girls’ mission school in Budapest, Hungary. ( See ‘Secretarial work, retraining’) She went for further training at St. Colm’s Women Missionary College in Edinburgh. her dedication service happened on 19th June 1932. The next day she left for Budapest. Jane liked Hungary and Budapest and soon became fluent in the language. She dedicated herself to helping helping her pupils Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany on 30th January 1933. She was well liked by both her pupils and colleagues who regarded her as the best matron they had ever known. WW11 broke out on 3rd September 1939. Jane was on holiday in Cornwall with Margit Prem, the head of the school in Budapest. They immediately returned to Budapest. In 1940 she was advised to return home. She stayed saying Hungary was neutral. In 1941 Jewish refugees, from all over German occupied Europe, fled to Hungary to escape the Holocaust. On 19th March 1944 the German Wehrmacht invaded Hungary. Late April, early May, 1944 the Gestapo arrived. ( See ‘Arrest’ for charges) 15th May deported to Auschwitz - given no. 79467. Selected for work rather than gas chamber. 17th July died in hospital of cachexia and intestinal catarrh. In 1997 Jane was recognised by Yad Vashem in Israel as Righteous Among the Nations.

Anne Askew, (married name Anne Kyme (1521-1546) was an English writer, poet and Protestant martyr. She was condemned as a heretic in England during the reign of Henry VIII. She is the only woman on record known to have been tortured in the Tower of London and burnt at the stake. She is also one of the earliest female poets to compose in the English language. She is the first woman to demand divorce using scriptural grounds. Anne was born in 1521 in Lincolnshire, England. Her father was Sir William Akew a gentleman in the court of Henry VIII. Her father arranged for her eldest sister Martha to marry Thomas Kyme. Martha died before the marriage so to save money her father had Anne married to him instead. Anne was a devout Protestant, studying the Bible and memorizing Biblical verses and remained true to her beliefs for the whole of her life. Her pronouncements against transubstantiation ( the belief that the bread and wine at Holy Communion actually changed into the body and blood of Christ) created controversy in Lincoln. Her husband was Catholic. They had 2 children before he threw her out for being a Protestant - alleged that she was seeking divorce so this did not upset her. In London she was a ‘gospeler’ or a preacher to all. March 1545 husband had her arrested. He demanded she returned to Lincolnshire but sh escaped. Early 1546 arrested then released. May 1546 arrested and tortured in the Tower of London. 18th June 1546 convicted of heresy and condemned to be burned at the stake. 16th July 1546 martyred in Smithfield, London (Read ‘Background on 1546’, ‘Plain speaking’, ‘Arrest and interrogation’ plus ‘Execution’) Those who watched her execution were impressed by her bravery. Anne listened to BIshop Shaxton when he preached from the pulpit. She audibly expressed agreement when he spoke anything considered truth. Anything contrary she exclaimed There he misseth, and speaketh without the book She did not scream until the flames reached her chest. After her death Anne Askew’s autobiographical and publishished Examinations - in its original form - chronicle her persecutions and offer a unique look into 16th century femininity, religion and faith. (Read ‘Legacy’ and ‘Examinations’) Anne Askew was an intelligent, articulate Christian woman who used written Scripture as her defence. *God hath geven me the gyfte of knowledge, but not of utterance, And Salomon sayth, that i Wolde not throw pearles amonge swyne, for acornes were good ynoubh * Matthew ch7 v 6

Nelson Mandela ( 18th July 1918- 5th December 2013) was released, after 20 years in preson, by F.W. de Klerk, from Victor Verster Prison on 11th February 1990. On 10th May 1994 he became the first President of South Africa. He is one of the most recognizable human rights symbols of the 20th century.