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A* BIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY REVISION NOTES!

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BIOLOGY REVISION AND PSYCHOLOGY REVISION FROM AN A* PRIVATE TUTOR

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BIOLOGY REVISION AND PSYCHOLOGY REVISION FROM AN A* PRIVATE TUTOR

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AQA A Level Psychology *ALL* Paper 1 Content (AO1+AO3)
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AQA A Level Psychology *ALL* Paper 1 Content (AO1+AO3)

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AQA A Level Psychology ALL Content (AO1+AO3) Content for all of paper 1 A2 and AS content. Sample: AO1: CBT Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is the main psychological treatment used to treat people suffering from depression and was first introduced by Ellis’ as REBT (rational emotive behavioural therapy). CBT assumes that maladaptive thoughts and beliefs cause and maintain depression in individuals. CBT focuses on helping patients identify and change these maladaptive thought processes with the belief that changing thinking will then change behaviour and emotions, as this is seen to be generated by thinking. Behavioural activation is based on the idea that being active will lead to more positive rewards that will help alleviate depressive symptoms. Many depressed people become withdrawn and do not engage in previously pleasurable activities and with the help of the therapist, the patient identifies enjoyable activities and encourages the patient to challenge any negative thoughts they may have in regards to them to help them become active again. AO3: CBT A major issue of whether CBT is appropriate for some patients is the time and cost factor. Another issue into the effectiveness of CBT is down to the skill level of the therapist themselves. A strength of CBT which makes it more appropriate and effective is that the therapy has no side effects, unlike drug therapies. Another strength of CBT is it seen to treat the root cause of depression which is psychological in nature, unlike drug therapies which may simply mask and treat the symptoms. A study by Rush et al showed CBT is just as effective as antidepressants in treating depression while by Keller et al found it is most effective when used in conjunction with antidepressants.
AQA Psychology Paper 1 Essay Plans
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AQA Psychology Paper 1 Essay Plans

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EXAMPLE: Explanations for obedience: agentic state and legitimacy of authority, and situational variables affecting obedience including proximity and location, as investigated by Milgram, and uniform. Dispositional explanation for obedience: the Authoritarian Personality Describe how situational variables have been found to affect obedience. Discuss what these situational variables tell us about why we obey. (16) • knowledge of procedure and/or findings of research into the effects of: • proximity – Milgram – teacher and the learner were in the same room, obedience decreased; touch proximity condition; experimenter leaves the room issues order over the phone, obedience decreased • location – Milgram – run-down office block vs Yale; Hofling hospital location • uniform – Bickman – more likely to obey a man dressed as a guard. In Milgram’s experiment the experimenter wore a grey lab coat. • analysis/discussion of factors in the context of explanations: eg uniform as a visible sign of authority, location/setting makes authority seem more/less genuine (legitimacy of authority) • decreased proximity to authority figure meant that participants returned to a more autonomous state (agentic state) • discussion of relative power of factors, eg in Hofling study, 21/22 obeyed even though orders were given over the phone (so legitimacy of setting more important than proximity) • discussion of alternative theories, eg authoritarian personality (Adorno) suggests that dispositional factors are more influential than situational variables • methodological evaluation of studies/evidence if made relevant to discussion of the factors/why we obey, eg field studies such as Bickman may have more relevance than lab studies in this context • Mandel’s (1998) analysis of the ecological validity of Milgram’s research • Orne and Holland (1968) Milgram variations were contrived and even more likely to trigger suspicion in participants.