This is a “model answer” written by an experienced Law Examiner. The answer is to a common topic on Paper 1 of the AQA A Level Law examinations on sentencing. The document provides model answers on community sentences for adult and young offenders, and the aims of sentencing for young offenders. Community Sentences: The Criminal Justice Act 2003 allows courts to combine various requirements such as unpaid work, curfews, and treatment orders to tailor sentences for offenders aged 16 and over. Aims of Sentencing for Young Offenders: Sentencing aims include retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, protection of the public, reparation, and denunciation, with specific approaches to keep young offenders out of the adult prison system.

The EDEXCEL/Pearson BTEC Business Unit 7 exam on Business Decision Making can be very difficult for both students and teachers. I am an experienced teacher and Moderator for the Business course and I have put together this Guide, complete with a Model Answer, to a question set a few years ago on a fictitious company called Spick and Span Bathrooms. The Guide will show you, step-by-step, how to disect the data and how to assemble a first-rate answer, helping your students to come up with a framework which can be used when they come to take the Unit 7 examination. An invaluable aid to what can be a tricky assessment!

This 26-slide presentation is entitled “Understanding the 2024 US Elections” and provides an explainer for beginners to the US electoral process and its global implications. It is suitable for 14-16 year-olds as well as older students and would be invaluable as part of a PSHE programme or as a Tutorial guide or Assembly explainer. Here is a summary of the key points: Introduction: The presentation begins with a beginner’s guide to the US electoral process and includes a quiz to test basic knowledge about the United States. Contents: The main topics covered include the US electoral system, the two main political parties, candidates for the 2024 US election, recent US election results, and the global impact of US elections. The US Electoral System: This section explains the Electoral College system, how it works, and its significance in electing the President and Vice-President3. It also provides an example using California’s Electoral College Votes (ECVs) and mentions the results of the 2020 Presidential Election. The Two Main Political Parties: The presentation gives an overview of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, highlighting their key policies and ideologies56. It also compares their stances on healthcare, climate change, and immigration. Candidates for the 2024 US Elections: This section provides information about the political careers of Donald Trump and Kamala Harris, the main candidates for the 2024 US Presidential Election. Recent US Election Results: The presentation reviews the 2020 Presidential Election, noting the historic voter turnout and Joe Biden’s victory. Impact of the US Elections Globally: This section explores the implications of US elections on global relations, including the US-UK relationship, global economic implications, and the influence on international policies and agreements. Review Quiz: The presentation concludes with a review quiz to reinforce the key points covered.

This answer consists of 2 pages and is a “model answer” written by an experienced Law Examiner. This document is a model answer for AQA A Level Law, focusing on the judiciary. It addresses three main questions: Training of Judges: Judges are trained by the Judicial Studies Board, with most training aimed at recorders, who are part-time judges. The training includes a one-week course and shadowing an experienced judge. There are criticisms regarding the short duration and lack of practical skills training. Work of Judges: The work varies depending on the level of the court. Justices of the Supreme Court handle appeal cases, Lords Justices of Appeal deal with applications for appeal, High Court Judges try cases and explain the law to the jury, and inferior judges in County Courts decide civil cases and try criminal cases. Importance of Judicial Independence: Judicial independence is crucial to protect citizens from government abuse of power. Judges must be independent from the legislature, executive, and political bias. They have financial independence and immunity from being sued for their judicial action.

This is a 5-page guide, written by an experienced Examiner, to the character of Ophelia. It also includes suggested practice essay questions and an outline plan of how to answer the first of those questions. The Handout is structured as follows: Here’s a summary of the document: Ophelia’s Innocence and Purity: Ophelia is introduced as a symbol of innocence and purity, shaped by her relationships with her father Polonius, brother Laertes, and Hamlet, highlighting her naivety and vulnerability. Obedience and Societal Expectations: Ophelia’s obedience to her father and brother reflects the societal expectations placed upon women during the Elizabethan era, emphasizing her lack of agency. Polonius’ Control: Polonius uses Ophelia as a pawn in his schemes to gain favour with King Claudius, which affects her autonomy and contributes to her emotional turmoil.

This is a 5-page guide to applying for Politics and associated subject degrees and negotiating the UCAS system specifically for Politics students. It includes an example of a Personal Statement for a Politics student. Written by a teacher with 30-years’ experience of getting students into University. This guide should prove invaluable to any student wishing to pursue an application in Politics or International Relations or associated subjects. This guide provides a step-by-step approach for prospective Politics students applying to UK universities through the UCAS system. It covers the application process, important deadlines, top universities to consider, and tips for writing a compelling UCAS Personal Statement. Key steps include registering on the UCAS website, researching and selecting courses, completing the application, writing a personal statement, obtaining a reference, and submitting the application before the deadlines. The guide also highlights top UK universities for Politics and offers advice on crafting a strong personal statement.

This is a 29-slide PowerPoint presentation which considers why Donald Trump won the 2024 US Presidential election. It is suitable for all students 14+ in Politics or Citizenship classes. Introduction: The presentation starts with an overview of the election results, highlighting the contentious nature of the election and the significant public and media attention it received. It also mentions Trump’s unexpected victory and the various factors influencing the electorate, including political, social, and economic factors. It considers things like the handling of Key Issues and Policy Stances: Trump’s stances on key issues such as immigration, healthcare, and foreign policy resonated with voters. He emphasized a tough stance on immigration, proposed healthcare reforms, and prioritised American interests in foreign policy. The PowerPoint also considers the reasons for Kamala Harris’ loss including perceived ineffectiveness as Vice President, campaign strategy and messaging failures, lack of enthusiasm and voter turnout, negative media coverage, and internal party divisions. The PowerPoint ends with some issues to think about and these may form the basis of discussion or debate,

This is a 40-slide PowerPoint presentation which would be great as a starting point with a class about to embark on a study of Hamlet OR as a revision-aid once they have studied the play. It includes questions and discussion points as well as a review quiz at the end. The PowerPoint is constructed as follows: Firstly, it provides an overview of the play, discussing Hamlet’s quest to avenge his father’s murder while grappling with indecision, madness, and moral dilemmas. The historical context is explored, highlighting the political instability and religious conflict in early 17th century England, which is reflected in the play’s portrayal of a corrupt and troubled court. The theme of revenge is examined through Hamlet’s procrastination and the contrasting decisiveness of characters like Laertes and Fortinbras. Madness is discussed as a reflection of political instability and corruption, with debates on whether Hamlet is truly mad. The theme of corruption and decay is analyzed through political corruption, physical decay imagery, and moral corruption. The theme of appearance vs. reality is explored through deception, manipulation, and the play-within-a-play device. The theme of action and inaction is examined through Hamlet’s hesitation, moral qualms, and philosophical musings. The presentation also includes discussion points and analysis, potential examination questions, and a revision quiz. It concludes with reflections on the enduring relevance of “Hamlet” and its exploration of human nature, complex characters, and themes of power, politics, and deception.

This is a 28-slide PowerPoint presentation which includes a short quiz and video in addition to explanations of what COP29 is, and why it is important. It is suitable for use with students 14 - 16 as well as 16 - 19 year olds. The presentation provides an in-depth look at the upcoming COP29 summit, which will be held in Baku, Azerbaijan, from November 11 to 22, 2024. It starts with an overview of the history and significance of COP summits, highlighting key milestones such as the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, and the Marrakesh Accords12. The main purpose of COP29 is to accelerate global efforts to address climate change, with a focus on increasing global ambition, implementing the Paris Agreement, and supporting the transition to a low-carbon economy. The presentation also discusses the critical issues facing COP29, such as securing climate finance for developing nations, updating national action plans, and addressing the needs of vulnerable countries and communities. Additionally, the presentation outlines the expected outcomes and commitments from COP29, including enhancing transparency and accountability, mobilising climate finance, and supporting climate adaptation and resilience. It also touches on the potential implications of President Trump’s election on climate change policies and the role of young people in advocating for climate action. Overall, the presentation emphasizes the importance of COP29 in shaping the future of global climate policy and highlights the need for collective action to combat climate change7. If you find this presentation useful, then please check out my other resources.

This is a student Handout/Worksheet, complete with questions, on 10 reasons why Donald Trump won the 2024 US Presidential Election and 5 reasons why Kamala Harris didn’t win! The Handout highlights several key factors that contributed to Trump’s win, including his economic policies, populist appeal, media strategy, and effective campaign messaging. The document also discusses the high voter turnout, Republican Party unity, and Trump’s response to key issues such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, it examines the reasons behind Kamala Harris’s defeat, citing perceived ineffectiveness, campaign strategy, voter turnout, media coverage, and internal party divisions as significant factors. Finally, there are 5 questions which can be used as an exercise to summarise the document or as an aide to discussion for your class.

This Powerpoint is an invaluable resource for the delivery of an history of the LGBT movement in the UK. The Powerpoint includes Speakers’ Notes to help teachers in the delivery of the presentation. It consists of 24 slides with a 10-question quiz at the end. Included in the presentation is an** 8-minute video extract from “Newsnight” **and some discussion points to accompany it. An outline of the content: Pre-Stonewall Era: This section examines the social and legal context in which the LGBT movement emerged in the UK before the Stonewall riots. It highlights significant social and legal discrimination against the LGBT community, the impact of the Wolfenden Report, and the role of the Homosexual Law Reform Society. The Stonewall Riots and Birth of Modern LGBT Movement: This section explores the Stonewall riots in New York in 1969, which marked a turning point in the global LGBT movement. It also discusses the founding of the Gay Liberation Front UK and its pivotal role in the emergence of a new era of activism and visibility for the LGBT community. Legislative and Social Progress towards LGBT Equality: This section examines key moments in the UK’s legislative and social progress towards equality for the LGBT community. It covers significant milestones such as the Sexual Offences Act 1967, Section 28 of the Local Government Act 1988, and the Equality Act 20103. Conclusion: The presentation concludes by summarizing the progress made in advancing LGBT rights and visibility in the UK. It emphasizes the importance of activism and advocacy in achieving these milestones and highlights the ongoing challenges faced by the LGBT community. Tried and tested with many groups across different ages, this Powerpoint will help any teacher deliver information on the LGBT movement in the UK.

This is a teacher’s and student Handout which covers the entire topic of Involuntary Manslaughter. It is an ivaluable guide to the subject for any AS or A Level student and is also suitable for someone studying Access to Law or similar courses. It is 20 pages long with an estimated delivery time of around 4 hours. This is a summary of the document: The document provides a detailed overview of involuntary manslaughter, distinguishing between Unlawful Act Manslaughter and Gross Negligence Manslaughter, and examining various legal cases to illustrate the principles involved. Definition and Distinction: Involuntary manslaughter occurs when the defendant (D) has the actus reus for murder but lacks the necessary mens rea, meaning D did not intend to kill or cause serious harm. Types of Involuntary Manslaughter: There are two types: Unlawful Act Manslaughter and Gross Negligence Manslaughter. Unlawful Act Manslaughter: This type involves causing death while carrying out a dangerous criminal act. It must be proven that the act was unlawful, dangerous, caused the death, and that D had the mens rea for the act. Case Examples for Unlawful Act Manslaughter: Cases such as Lamb, Goodfellow, and Mitchell illustrate the principles of Unlawful Act Manslaughter, showing how the act must be unlawful and dangerous, and how causation is established. Gross Negligence Manslaughter: This type involves a breach of duty of care that causes death and is deemed ‘gross’ negligence, worthy of criminal punishment. The leading case is Adomako. Duty of Care and Breach: To establish Gross Negligence Manslaughter, it must be shown that D owed a duty of care to V, breached that duty, and that the breach caused V’s death. Key Legal Principles: Cases like Donoghue v Stevenson and Caparo v Dickman help determine the duty of care, while cases like Litchfield and Singh illustrate breaches of duty leading to liability. Gross Negligence Standard: The negligence must be so severe that it goes beyond mere compensation and shows a disregard for life, as seen in Bateman and Edwards. Scenarios and Questions: The document provides various scenarios and questions to help readers understand the application of these legal principles and determine the appropriate type of manslaughter. Summary of Legal Cases: A table summarizing the main legal principles of key cases is provided, helping to consolidate understanding of involuntary manslaughter. This Handout has been updated in light of recent cases and has been used with groups of students across many cohorts and has achieved excellent results.

Complete Handout/Worksheet on General Defences in English Law. Written by an experienced Law examiner and used many times in classes of my own, obtaining excellent results. This is a 25-page workbook which includes questions and highlighted key points and cases. There is an accompanying Worksheet of review questions in addition to this Worksheet. Here’s a summary of the document: The document provides an overview of various general defences in English law, including Automatism, Insanity, Duress, Intoxication, Consent, and Self-Defense/Prevention of Crime. Automatism: Automatism is divided into non-insane and self-induced automatism. Insanity: Insanity is governed by the M’Naghten Rules, which require proving a defect of reason caused by a disease of the mind, leading to a lack of understanding of the nature and quality of the act or its wrongfulness. Duress: Duress involves committing a crime under the threat of death or serious bodily harm. Intoxication: Intoxication can be a defense for specific intent crimes if it prevents the formation of mens rea. Consent: Consent is generally not a defense for causing actual bodily harm, except in cases of implied consent in sports or medical procedures. Self-Defense/Prevention of Crime: Self-defense allows the use of reasonable force to protect oneself, others, or property. Automatism vs. Insanity: The distinction between automatism and insanity often lies in whether the cause is external (automatism) or internal (insanity), leading to different legal outcomes. Duress by Threats vs. Duress of Circumstances: Duress by threats involves direct threats forcing D to commit a crime, while duress of circumstances involves committing a crime to avoid imminent harm. Voluntary vs. Involuntary Intoxication: Voluntary intoxication is self-induced and generally not a defense for basic intent crimes, while involuntary intoxication can be a defense if it negates mens rea. Proportionality in Self-Defence: The use of force in self-defense must be reasonable and proportional to the threat; excessive force invalidates the defence. An excellent resource for any AS or A Level Law student.

This is a 21-slide PowerPoint which will direct your students on how to actually write-up the Extended Project Report. The EPQ is a qualification that represents an extension to A-Level studies. It is valued by Universities and is an excellent way of extending students’ skills and enhancing their UCAS applications. This is the 5th of 7 PowerPoint presentations (the first is just an Introduction) which represent the COMPLETE COURSE which students complete in order to enhance their skills and make them “match fit” for the development and writing of the Project itself, as well as the compulsory presentation which they must deliver. The course was written by an EPQ teacher and Moderator of many years standing and all the PowerPoints were refined after use with many groups and cohorts. Please note that the COMPLETE COURSE is available as a BUNDLE at a discounted price, with 33% off!

This is a 35-slide PowerPoint which will direct your students on how to incorporate data into their EPQ Report and also how to structure it appropriately. The EPQ is a qualification that represents an extension to A-Level studies. It is valued by Universities and is an excellent way of extending students’ skills and enhancing their UCAS applications. This is the 6th of 8 PowerPoint presentations (the first is just an Introduction) which represent the COMPLETE COURSE which students complete in order to enhance their skills and make them “match fit” for the development and writing of the Project itself, as well as the compulsory presentation which they must deliver. The course was written by an EPQ teacher and Moderator of many years standing and all the PowerPoints were refined after use with many groups and cohorts. Please note that the COMPLETE COURSE is available as a BUNDLE at a discounted price, with 33% off!

A 14-slide introduction to the play, “Waiting for Godot” which includes an examination of the main themes and characters as well as discussion points or questions at the end. This presentation includes Speaker’s Notes This presentation is suitable for A Level students of the play. The presentation explores the human condition through themes of boredom, isolation, and despair, providing insight into the struggles of human existence. The play also delves into existentialist and absurdist themes, examining the meaninglessness of life, the struggle between free will and determinism, and the nature of the human experience. Key themes discussed include: Boredom: The characters experience a lack of stimulation and purpose, leading to restlessness and dissatisfaction. Isolation: Both physical and emotional isolation are explored, contributing to feelings of loneliness and despair. Despair: The play reflects the struggles and challenges of the human condition, often leading to hopelessness. The presentation also highlights the theme of waiting and hope, examining the role of waiting in the play and the moments of hope that emerge despite the overall sense of hopelessness5. The characters’ anticipation of Godot’s arrival and their prolonged waiting lead to introspection and self-discovery. In conclusion, “Waiting for Godot” is a powerful meditation on the human condition, existentialism, absurdism, and the interplay of waiting and hope but it is not always an easy play to study. This presentation will make any teacher’s task easier in studying this complex work.

These FREE activity sheets accompany the 4 PowerPoint presentations which make up the Unit, Principles of Customer Service. These sheets should be downloaded by anyone who purchases ANY of the 4 PowerPoints for this Unit.

A FREE guide for students and teachers on how to structure your coursework answers for the first part of the first assignment for BTEC Business Unit 1. This guide was successfully used with many classes over the years and students who followed it achieved great results. If you find the guide useful, why not take a look at the other ever-growing collection of resources on the website? Good luck with your teaching/studies!

FREE resource A summary table of the non-fatal offences in English Law written by an experienced examiner in Law and used with countless classes across the years. Invaluable for students and teachers at any level who are studying this vital component. If you have found this resource useful, why not take a look at my other, ever-growing collection, of law resources. All designed to save busy teachers time and effort. Why reinvent the wheel?!