Designed for the new specification IGCSE Edexcel course but can be used for other examination boards.
Covers:
(d) Cloning
5.17B describe the process of micropropagation (tissue culture) in which explants are grown in vitro
5.18B understand how micropropagation can be used to produce commercial quantities of genetically identical plants with desirable characteristics
5.19B describe the stages in the production of cloned mammals involving the introduction of a diploid nucleus from a mature cell into an enucleated egg cell, illustrated by Dolly the sheep
5.20B understand how cloned transgenic animals can be used to produce human proteins
Designed for the new specification IGCSE Edexcel course but can be used for other examination boards.
Covers:
(b) Selective breeding
5.10 understand how selective breeding can develop plants with desired characteristics.
5.11 understand how selective breeding can develop animals with desired characteristics.
Designed for the new specification IGCSE Edexcel course but can be used for other examination boards.
Covers:
a) Food production
Fish farming
5.9B understand the methods used to farm large numbers of fish to provide a source of protein, including maintaining water quality, controlling intraspecific and interspecific predation, controlling disease, removing waste products, controlling the quality and frequency of feeding, and selective breeding
Designed for the new specification IGCSE Edexcel course but can be used for other examination boards.
Covers:
Micro-organisms
5.5 understand the role of yeast in the production of food including bread
5.6 practical: investigate the role of anaerobic respiration by yeast in different conditions
5.7 understand the role of bacteria (Lactobacillus) in the production of yoghurt
5.8 understand the use of an industrial fermenter and explain the need to provide suitable conditions in the fermenter, including aseptic precautions, nutrients, optimum temperature and pH, oxygenation and agitation, for the growth of micro- organisms
Designed for the new specification IGCSE Edexcel course but can be used for other examination boards.
Covers:
(a) Food production
Crop plants
5.1 describe how glasshouses and polythene tunnels can be used to increase the yield of certain crops
5.2 understand the effects on crop yield of increased carbon dioxide and increased temperature in glasshouses
5.3 understand how the use of fertiliser can increase crop yield
5.4 understand the reasons for pest control and the advantages and disadvantages of using pesticides and biological control with crop plants
Designed for the new specification IGCSE Edexcel course but can be used for other examination boards.
Covers:
(d) Human influences on the environment
4.12 understand the biological consequences of pollution of air by sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide
4.13 understand that water vapour, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and CFCs are greenhouse gases
4.14 understand how human activities contribute to greenhouse gases
4.15 understand how an increase in greenhouse gases results in an enhanced greenhouse effect and that this may lead to global warming and its consequences
4.16 understand the biological consequences of pollution of water by sewage
4.17 understand the biological consequences of eutrophication caused by leached minerals from fertiliser
4.18B understand the effects of deforestation, including leaching, soil erosion, disturbance of evapotranspiration and the carbon cycle, and the balance of atmospheric gases
Designed for the new specification IGCSE Edexcel course but can be used for other examination boards.
Covers:
The organism in the environment
4.1 understand the terms population, community, habitat and ecosystem
4.2 practical: investigate the population size of an organism in two different areas using
quadrats
4.3B understand the term biodiversity
4.4B practical: investigate the distribution of organisms in their habitats and
measure biodiversity using quadrats
4.5 understand how abiotic and biotic factors affect the population size and distribution of organisms
Designed for the new specification IGCSE Edexcel course but can be used for other examination boards.
Covers:
(b) Feeding relationships
4.6 understand the names given to different trophic levels, including producers, primary, secondary and tertiary consumers and decomposers
4.7 understand the concepts of food chains, food webs, pyramids of number, pyramids of biomass and pyramids of energy transfer
4.8 understand the transfer of substances and energy along a food chain
4.9 understand why only about 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next
Designed for the new specification IGCSE edexcel course but can be used for other examination boards.
Covers:
Humans
3.8 understand how the structure of the male and female reproductive systems are adapted for their functions
3.9 understand the roles of oestrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle
3.10B understand the roles of FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle
3.11 describe the role of the placenta in the nutrition of the developing embryo
3.12 understand how the developing embryo is protected by amniotic fluid
3.13 understand the roles of oestrogen and testosterone in the development of secondary sexual characteristics
Designed for the new specification IGCSE edexcel course but can be used for other examination boards.
Covers:
(a) Reproduction
3.1 understand the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction
3.2 understand that fertilisation involves the fusion of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote that undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo
Flowering plants
3.3 describe the structures of an insect-pollinated and a wind-pollinated flower and explain how each is adapted for pollination
3.4 understand that the growth of the pollen tube followed by fertilisation leads to seed and fruit formation
3.5 practical: investigate the conditions needed for seed germination
3.6 understand how germinating seeds utilise food reserves until the seedling can carry
out photosynthesis
3.7 understand that plants can reproduce asexually by natural methods (illustrated by runners) and by artificial methods (illustrated by cuttings)
The following sub-topics are covered in this bundle:
(a) Level of organisation
(b) Cell structure
(c ) Biological molecules
(d) Movement of substances into and out of cells
(e) Nutrition
(f) Respiration
(g) Gas exchange
(h) Transport
(i) Excretion
(j) Co-ordination and response
Designed for the new specification IGCSE edexcel course but can be used for other examination boards.
Covers:
Humans
2.86 describe how nervous and hormonal communication control responses and understand the differences between the two systems
2.87 understand that the central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and is linked to sense organs by nerves
2.88 understand that stimulation of receptors in the sense organs sends electrical impulses along nerves into and out of the central nervous system, resulting in rapid responses
2.89 understand the role of neurotransmitters at synapses
2.90 describe the structure and functioning of a simple reflex arc illustrated by the withdrawal of a finger from a hot object
2.91 describe the structure and function of the eye as a receptor
2.92 understand the function of the eye in focusing on near and distant objects, and in responding to changes in light intensity
2.93 describe the role of the skin in temperature regulation, with reference to sweating, vasoconstriction and vasodilation
2.94 understand the sources, roles and effects of the following hormones: adrenaline, insulin, testosterone, progesterone and oestrogen
2.95B understand the sources, roles and effects of the following hormones: ADH, FSH and LH
Designed for the new specification IGCSE edexcel course but can be used for other examination boards.
Covers:
2.80 understand how organisms are able to respond to changes in their environment
2.81 understand that homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment, and that body water content and body temperature are both examples of homeostasis
2.82 understand that a co-ordinated response requires a stimulus, a receptor and an effector
Flowering plants
2.83 understand that plants respond to stimuli
2.84 describe the geotropic and phototropic responses of roots and stems
2.85 understand the role of auxin in the phototropic response of stems
Designed for the new specification IGCSE Edexcel course but can be used for other examination boards.
Covers:
Flowering plants
2.70 understand the origin of carbon dioxide and oxygen as waste products of metabolism and their loss from the stomata of a leaf
Humans
2.71 know the excretory products of the lungs, kidneys and skin (organs of excretion)
2.72B understand how the kidney carries out its roles of excretion and osmoregulation
2.73B describe the structure of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
2.74B describe the structure of a nephron, including the Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus, convoluted tubules, loop of Henle and collecting duct
2.75B describe ultrafiltration in the Bowman’s capsule and the composition of the glomerular filtrate
2.76B understand how water is reabsorbed into the blood from the collecting duct
2.77B understand why selective reabsorption of glucose occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule
2.78B describe the role of ADH in regulating the water content of the blood
2.79B understand that urine contains water, urea and ions