Revision notes for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Four pages
DCT – AUGUSTINE’S TEACHING ON HUMAN NATURE
JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
THOMAS HOBBES
AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO
‘CONFESSIONS’
HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS PRE- AND POST-FALL
Pre-Lapsarian
Post-Lapsarian
ORIGINAL SIN AND ITS EFFECTS ON WILL AND SOCIETY
Original Sin is passed on through sex
GOD’S GRACE
Summum bonum
Contrasts Plato and Kant
CRITICISMS OF AUGUSTINE
Irenaean theodicy
DAWKINS
Humanitarian principle (PINKER)
FREUD
**JEAN PAUL SARTRE **
NIEBUHR
Prideful sin
Realisation of God
Key issues
Revision notes for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Two pages
RELIGION + ETHICS – CONSCIENCE
AQUINAS’ THEOLOGICAL APPROACH
‘Reason making right decisions’
Ratio
Aristotle’s SENSITIVE SOUL
Synderesis
Conscientia
Vincible ignorance
Invincible ignorance
FREUD’S PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
Human psyche
Unconscious mind
Preconscious mind
Conscious mind
Tripartite personality:
Id
Ego
Superego
Other religious responses:
JOSEPH BUTLER
Innate God-given morality
JOHN HENRY NEWMAN:
Voice of God
AUGUSTINE
Intuitive, less rationalist
Secular responses:
JEAN PIAGET
Mature + immature conscience
Two stages of moral development
Heteronomous morality
Autonomous morality
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG
Authority figures
Social interaction
ERICH FROMM
External authorities
Guilty conscience
Authoritarian conscience
Humanistic conscience
Modern responses:
RICHARD DAWKINS
Evolution
Is conscience real?
Romans 2
‘Lust to be nice’
Product of nurture
Powerpoint covering headlands and bays along the destructive Holderness coast
Starter: use maps to locate Flamborough Head
Main activities: sketch bird's eye view diagrams showing before and after erosion has affected a discordant coastline. Followed by a differentiated question: 1-3: How do headlands and bays form? 4-6: What role have chalk and boulder clay played in the formation of Flamborough Head?
7-9: What is wave refraction and how has it affected the Flamborough landscape?
Second part gets pupils to annotate a diagram to show the sequence of cave-arch-stack formation using a series of mixed-up pieces of info (so can be done as a card sort or a mystery). Class then feeds back verbally by responding to a series of images and questions
Third part: pupils work together to find advantages and disadvantages of headlands and bays using clues from a large scale OS map
Plenary: pupils recap learning by describing and explaining features seen in a photo of the chalk at Flamborough
Powerpoint, worksheet and resource sheets beginning with some strange facts about the climate. Activity finding out how climate data is collected and each method's limitations. A section about climate change denial and the reasons for ignoring the scientific findings. Differentiated questions:
1-3: Choose two of the stakeholders and describe why they might say climate change is not a problem
4-6: Explain one economic reason and one social reason why some people might say climate change is not a problem
7-9: Explain the political and psychological factors which might lead to climate change denial
Links to videos which further understanding .
Revision notes for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Five pages
DCT – FOUNDATIONS
KNOWLEDGE OF GOD’S EXISTENCE
NATURAL KNOWLEDGE OF GOD’S EXISTENCE
REVEALED KNOWLEDGE OF GOD’S EXISTENCE
ARE NATURAL AND REVEALED KNOWLEDGE OF GOD THE SAME?
THE PERSON OF JESUS CHRIST
**JESUS’ AUTHORITY AS THE SON OF GOD
**Jesus’ divinity expressed in his knowledge of God
**
Jesus’ divinity expressed in his miracles
**Jesus’ divinity expressed in his resurrection
**
JESUS’ AUTHORITY A TEACHER OF WISDOM
**Jesus’ moral teaching on repentance + forgiveness
**
Jesus’ moral teaching on inner purity + moral motivation
**How are Jesus’ teachings useful to an atheist?
**
JESUS’ AUTHORITY AS A LIBERATOR
Jesus’ role expressed in his challenge to political authority
**
Jesus’ role expressed in his challenge to religious authority
Revision notes for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Six pages
DCT – CHALLENGES
THE CHALLENGE OF SECULARISM
Secularism
Secularisation
DAVID FORD
JOSE CASANOVA
God is an illusion
SIGMUND FREUD
Humans personify ‘purpose’
Link to Plato’s forms
Coping mechanism
RICHARD DAWKINS:
Religion narrows perception, science widens it
JOHN POLKINGHORNE
Matthew 5
Objections to secularism
JO MARCHANT
Physiological benefits
“Feeling part of something bigger"
"Knowledge of our own mortality”
CHARLES TAYLOR
'Subtraction stories’
Post-Enlightenment attitude
TERRY EAGLETON
Marx
“Secularism is largely doomed”
Secular capitalism
Events of 9/11
Positivist dream of world without religion
Christianity should play no part in public life
Secular humanism
AMSTERDAM DECLARATION
Seven aims of modern humanism
Programmatic secularism
Procedural secularism
“Diversity gone mad”
ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST FAITH SCHOOLS
Radicalisation
House of Lords
Dominionism
Reconstructionism
SECULARISATION PROS AND CONS
Social cohesion
Corrupt theocracy
Disenchantment
Religious motives replaced by rational motives
MAX WEBER
Key issues
LIBERATION THEOLOGY AND MARX
Marx’s teaching on alienation + exploitation
Alienation
Dehumanisation
"Fundamental evil of capitalist society”
Exploitation
Means to an end
Historical materialism =
Praxis
Proletariat must revolt against bourgeoisie
False consciousness
‘Joined-up’ thinking
Working towards common good
Revision for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Three pages
OMNIPOTENCE
Divine power
• DESCARTES
• AQUINAS + SWINBURNE
• ANTHONY KENNY
Self-imposed limitation
• PETER VARDY
• JOHN MACQUARRIE
• ALVIN PLANTINGA
• WILLIAM OF OCKHAM
OMNIBENEVOLENCE
Divine benevolence
JOHN
HOSEA
EXODUS
AMOS
PSALMS
ETERNITY
Divine eternity
Boethius
Anselm
o HARTSHORNE; KENNY
• RICHARD SWINBURNE
• FRIEDRICH SCHLEIRMACHER
FREE WILL (+ omniscience)
Romans
Hebrews
Key Issues
Eight page booklet : define keywords, create a factfile about an African country, a SPAG exercise about the continent, a short piece of research about the UN's work in Africa, an opinion piece about whether or not the UK still owes a moral debt to Africa for colonialism, a page to decorate an outline map of Africa with traditional patterns and finally a page to show how modern music is related to African rhythms
Eight page booklet : define weather and climate keywords; map the areas of the World to show general effects of Climate Change; SPAG exercise about rising sea levels; questionnaire to survey attitudes towards Climate Change; Moral dilemma about family holidays abroad; personal responses to some religious quotes about the environment; description of how Climate Change may affect our heritage sites
A decision making exercise which could last a few lessons or be set as a homework project
A property developer is looking to build a five star hotel in San Francisco
Pupils have to decide on the most sustainable county in the Bay Area
Introductory Powerpoint, a project workbook and LOTS of resources are included
The completed project/proposal covers:
Background to tourism in California
The physical hazards threatening San Francisco
Explanation for choosing one of the Bay Area counties
Sustainability (PPP) of the various sites
Reasons for rejecting the others
Consideration of how to make the structure safe from earthquakes
Space for the pupils to be imaginative and design the resort
Revision notes for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Seven pages
APPLIED ETHICS
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Examples of CSR:
Gates Foundation
M&S f
Merck & Co
Amazon
MILTON FRIEDMAN
Friedman Doctrine
'Hypocritical window dressing’
Greenwashing
Coca-Cola’s Giving Pledge
KANTIAN ETHICS
Goodwill
Universalisability
Formula of the End in Itself
UTILITARIANISM
Act Utilitarianism
Bentham
Natural rights “nonsense on stilts”
Rule Utilitarianism
Preference Utilitarianism
Evaluation
GLOBALISATION
Interconnectedness
Issues
Loss, abuse, damage and inequality
KANTIAN ETHICS
Capitalism
UTILITARIANISM
Objective empirical approach
Voluntary diversification
Evaluation
**GOOD ETHICS IS GOOD BUSINESS **
Duty to be honest
FRIEDMAN
Mill’s harm principle
Singer’s strong principle
ADAM SMITH
Self-interest
KARL MARX
Instability in capitalism
Exploiting labour
KANTIAN ETHICS
Self-satisfaction instead
UTILITARIANISM
Pursuit of lower pleasures
Evaluation
EUTHANASIA
Should ‘good death’ be universally permitted?
SANCTITY OF LIFE
Human life made in God’s image
Genesis 1
Catholic DECLARATION ON EUTHANASIA
Natural Law’s preservation of life
Doctrine of double effect
PIUS XII
Secondary effect of medicines
Dignity of the human person
Technological abuse
Criticism of SofL
DANIEL MAGUIRE
PETER SINGER
Value to community also
RONALD DWORKIN
Affirming life
QUALITY OF LIFE
Secular concept
Case studies:
DANIEL JAMES
TONY NICKLINSON
Personhood
GERMAIN GRISEZ
Criticisms of QofL
‘Playing God’
Consent
VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
GREGORY PENCE
Autonomy
NON-VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
Persistent vegetative state
PERSONAL AUTONOMY
Self-determination
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
J.S MILL
Individual is sovereign
'Harm principle’
Criticisms
One’s life is of value to others
Depression
MEDICAL + NON-MEDICAL INTERVENTION
Difference between ‘killing’ + ‘letting die’
Morally equivalent, equal responsibility
Active or passive?
JAMES RACHELS
HELGA KUHSE
Nazi Germany
Conclusion
APPLICATION OF ETHICAL THEORIES TO EUTHANASIA
NATURAL LAW
Doctrine of double effect c
Precept of preservation of life
Value of life
Prevents achieving telos
Secular societies
What is ‘natural’?
Blurred distinction
SITUATION ETHICS
Agape
Personalism
Pragmatism
Positivism
Relativism
Revision notes for A-level Religious Studies (OCR)
Seven pages
RELIGION + ETHICS
Normative Ethical Theories
NATURAL LAW
Roman Catholic approach
Intrinsic values
Bentham
“Nonsense on stilts”
Cicero
“One eternal law"
ARISTOTLE
‘Eudaimonia’
Afterlife
THOMAS AQUINAS
‘Beatific vision’
Human purpose
Four Tiers of Law:
Eternal Law
Divine Law
Natural Law
HUMAN LAW
Precepts
‘Rule of synderesis’
Five primary precepts
‘Lex’ & ‘ius’
Real good
Apparent good
‘Principle of double effect’
Four conditions required in principle
Strengths & weaknesses
Just War theory
Seven virtues
Deontological secondary precepts
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Objective
Relativism
Rational
Conflicting rules
JOHN FINNIS
Seven basic goods
UTILITARIANISM
JEREMY BENTHAM
Hedonism
“Two sovereign masters”
Pleasure is sole good, pain sole evil
Principle of utility
Hedonic calculus
Fecundity
Purity
Act utilitarianism
Strengths & weaknesses
JOHN STUART MILL
Higher and lower pleasures
Rule utilitarianism
PETER SINGER
Preference utilitarianism
SITUATION ETHICS
WILLIAM TEMPLE
Four types on love in the Bible
EROS
STORGE
PHILIA =
AGAPE
Jesus at Last Supper
More loving outcome
Jesus’ actions
JOSEPH FLETCHER
Bioethics
God’s rules should not always be followed
'Law of love’
‘Himself Might his Quietus Make’
‘Special Bombing Mission No. 13’
‘Christian Cloak and Dagger’
Loving neighbour = loving God
Ten Commandments
Greatest Commandment
RUDOLF BULTMANN
'Love thy neighbour’
Three ways of making moral decisions:
Legalistic ethics
Antinomian ethics
Situation ethics
Six Fundamental Principles
Ruling norm of Christian decision
Only the end justifies the means
Four Working Principles
Pragmatism
Relativism
Positivism
Personalism
Conscience as a verb
RELIGIOUS vs NON-RELIGIOUS
AB William Temple
Pius XII condemned SE as sacrilegious
Jesus’ agape inspired SE
STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES
Subjectivity
Too individualistic
Consistent with the gospel
Disregards divine command theory
Universal appeal
Religious vs secular
Altruism
Truly selfless acts
“Situationism is a method”
Reality