After a PhD in Medicinal Chemistry and some time in industry; I finally found my calling as a secondary school teacher in Chemistry.
Enjoy!
Please review the resources you buy in order for me to improve my teaching and my lessons
After a PhD in Medicinal Chemistry and some time in industry; I finally found my calling as a secondary school teacher in Chemistry.
Enjoy!
Please review the resources you buy in order for me to improve my teaching and my lessons
Edexcel CC25 Qualitative analysis: Test for ions for the new 9-1 GCSE
TOPIC 9 SEPARATE SCIENCE PAPER 2 - NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
Included:
2 Lessons
Evaluation sheet for the core practical (student sheet)
Assessment points - purple sheet assessment
CLONE THE TEACHER - help during a practical lesson that requires less input from the teacher (to allow them to push themselves)
10 plenary questions
Part 1 of the CORE PRACTICAL - flame tests and microscale metal cation identification Included:
Part 2 of the CORE PRACTICAL - metal anion identification (halide, sulfate and carbonate)
Learning objectives: LESSON 1
To describe flame tests to identify ions in solids
To explain how metal ions are identified using sodium hydroxide solution
To be able to write ionic half equations for the formation of metal hydroxides
Learning objectives: LESSON 2
To explain how carbonate ions and sulfate ions are detected
To explain how halide ions are detected
To consolidate with exam style questions
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
AfL sections and mini quizzes
Reducing the need for photocopying
No exam questions due to copy write
Main topics include:
- Identification of metal cations (with sodium hydroxide solution)
- Flame tests
- Describe the chemical test for ammonia
- Describe the chemical test for Carbon dioxide
- Metal anions tests
- sulfate ions
- halide ions
- carbonate ions
Enjoy !!!!
PLEASE LEAVE FEEDBACK and REVIEWS
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
KS3 Scheme of work and lessons for Unit 8F Chemistry
Aimed for High ability but can be adapted for low/middle ability if required
8Fa The atom:
Lesson 1- Dalton’s model
To understand the terms atoms, elements and compounds
To explain why different elements have different physical properties
To write and identify the chemical symbols for elements
8Fb Chemical properties:
Lesson 2 - Changes: physical and chemical
To know the difference between a chemical and a physical change
To complete a practical to distinguish between a chemical and physical change
To explain the ways to identify chemical reaction
Lesson 3: Chemical reactions
To understand the terms reactant and product
To understand different types of chemical reactions
To model chemical reactions using word equations
Lesson 4: Chemical formulae
To know how atoms are rearranged in chemical reactions
To interpret formulae to identify types and ratio of atoms in a compound
To write simple chemical formulae from information on a structure
8Fc Mendeleev’s table:
Lesson 5 - Mendleev
To describe how Mendeleev arranged the elements into the periodic table
To be able to identify the alkali metals, halogens, (transition metals) and noble gases in the periodic table.
To be able to state what elements in the same group of the periodic table share
Lesson 6 - Properties
To understand the properties of metals
To recall the typical properties of alkali metals
To recall the typical properties of halogens
8Fd Trends:
Lesson 7 - Chemical trends
To be able to explain the differences between the physical and chemical properties of metal and non-metal oxides
To describe the reactions of metals with water
To be able to use data to identify trends in chemical properties within a group
WITH EXTRA LESSONS ON THE ATOM
7 lessons including practicals
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
AfL sections and mini quizzes
Reducing the need for photocopying
Enjoy !!!
PLEASE LEAVE FEEDBACK and REVIEWS
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
AQA AS Level Unit 2 Section 2 Group 7 - the halogens - trends, solubility, test ion, required practical 4, halide ions, oxidising and reducing ability
Using the specification and books
No exam questions are included due to copy right
Including:
Homework booklets
Assessment sheets
Interactive powerpoints (rarely seen in A-level)
RSC STARTER FOR 10 CAN BE FOUND ON RSC WEBSITE
Group 7: The Halogens (A large number of practicals contained within - can be spread over 5 lessons)
Unit 2 Section 2: 3.2.3.1 Trends in properties and 3.2.3.2 Uses of chlorine and chlorate(I)
LESSON 1: PHysical and Chemical properties
Objectives:
To recap the trends of group 7 elements: atomic radius, electronegativity and melting point
To recap halogen displacement reactions from GCSE
To understand the trends in oxidising ability of the halogens (displacement reactions)
LESSON 2: Reducing abilities of Halogens
To understand how halide ions are formed
To understand the reducing ability of halide ions
To complete a practical to show the reducing power of halides illustrated by reactions of concentrated sulfuric acid
LESSON 3:
Objectives:Use of acidified silver nitrate to identify halide ions
To know how that halide ions are identified by using silver nitrate
To understand the trends in solubilities of the silver nitrates in ammonia
To complete a practical to test for halide ions using acidified silver nitrate, including the use of ammonia to distinguish the silver halides formed
LESSON 4: Required practical 4: L4–A-level Chemistry exemplar for required practical No. 4:
To carry out simple test-tube reactions in aqueous solution to identify cations (Group 2, NH4+) and anions (Group 7 (halide), OH-, CO32-, SO42-).
Objectives:
To recap the ways to identify positive and negative ions
To complete a series of test tube reactions to identify some anions and cations
To evaluate and consolidate
LESSON 5: Uses of Chorine + Chlorate (I)
Objectives:
To know the reactions of chlorine with water
To know the reaction of chlorine with sodium hydroxide and the use of this reaction
To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of adding chemicals to water
Homework booklet with answers
Leave feedback and enjoy !!
AQA AS level Unit 1 Section 1 Atomic structure (atom, electrons, mass spec, ionisation energies)
Including:
Homework booklets
Assessment sheets
Interactive powerpoints (rarely seen in A-level)
SECTION 1: Atomic structure
FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES - The atom
Atomic models (developing ideas from GCSE)
Relative mass, relative atomic mass and atomic number
4 Mass spectrometer
Mass spectrum analysis - using mass spectra
Electron structure - shells and sub-level (s, p, d, f)
Ionisation energies - trends and equations
SECTION 2: Amount of Substance
14 lessons in total
1.Masses and Mole Part 1
2.Masses and Mole Part 2
3. Moles in solution
4. Ideal Gas equation part 1
5. Ideal Gas equation part 2 - DEMO
6. Calculation of reacting volumes of gas (EXTRA LESSON - removed from spec)
7. Empirical and Molecular formulea
8. Balancing equations and Ionic equations
9. Reacting masses
10. Atom economy and percentage yield
11. EXTRA LESSON - Limiting reagents (student support IF REQUIRED)
12. Standard solutions
13. Titrations 1
14. REQUIRED PRACTICAL 1 Making a standard solution
SECTION 3: Bonding
Ionic bonding
Metallic bonding
Covalent bonding
Dative covalent (co-ordinate) bonding
5 + 6 Shapes of molecules
7 Electronegativity and bond polarity
8 + 9 Forces acting between molecules (van de Waals, dipole-dipole and Hydrogen bonding)
10 States of matter and a summary of 4 types of crystal structure - molecular, macromolecular, ionic and metallic
SECTION 4: Energetics
Endothermic/exothermic
Measuring q (Measuring Enthalpy Change)
PRACTICAL CHOICES
Enthalpy of Formation
Enthalpy of Combustion
Required Practical
Bond Enthalpy
SECTION 5: KINETICS
Collision theory and rates (GCSE RECAP)
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution 1
Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions 2
REQUIRED PRACTICAL 3
Catalysts
SECTION 6: Equilibria
Dynamic equilibrium + Le Chatelier’s principle
Equilibrium and Industry
Equilibrium Constant, Kc
Kc - calculating moles and composition
To predict the effect, if any, of the changes in conditions on the value of Kc
SECTION 7: RedOx
‘oxidation’ and ‘reduction’ and oxidation states
and 3. 1/2 equations (oxidising agents and reducing agents)
Optional practicals
FOR MORE INFORMATION SEE EACH INDIVIDUAL UPLOAD
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TOPIC 8 Fuels and Earth science PAPER 2- NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
CC16e Alternative fuels - using hydrogen as a fuel
L7 Alternative fuels
ASSESSING PROGRESS SHEET for a starter
LESSON
To recall facts about petrol, kerosene and diesel oil
To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using hydrogen as a fuel in cars
To consolidate the topic with questions
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
All powerpoints have:
- Summary questions
- Independent learning
Some powerpoints have:
- Practical's
- Group activities
- AfL
-Activate learning
-Demonstrate learning
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
Enjoy !!!!
Edexcel 9-1 TOPIC 9 Sc24a Qualitative analysis-Polymers SEPARATE or TRIPLE PAPER 2
Edexcel CC24 Qualitative analysis: Polymers for the new 9-1 GCSE
TOPIC 9 SEPARATE SCIENCE PAPER 2 - NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
Learning objectives: LESSON 3
Objectives: ALL HIGHER CONTENT ONLY
To explain what is meant by condensation polymerisation
To explain which two functional groups react together to form a polyester
To be able to draw the structure of a polyester
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
AfL sections and mini quizzes
Reducing the need for photocopying
No exam questions due to copy write
Main topics include:
-Uses of polymers
-market place activity
-recycling advantages and disadvantages
Enjoy !!!!
PLEASE LEAVE FEEDBACK and REVIEWS
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
Edexcel 9-1 Chemistry formulas
All the formulas contained with the COMBINED and the SEPARATE science topics condensed into one table.
Students can stick this in their books
A mini test is also present, students can be tested regularly throughout the year to check if they are revising or SIMPLY ADD THE FORMULAS AS YOU GO
Enjoy !!!!
PLEASE LEAVE FEEDBACK and REVIEWS
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
CAN BE USED FOR ABOUT 3 LESSONS
Edexcel CC9 PART 1-3 Calculations involving masses for the new 9-1 GCSE
3-4 lessons depending on how good student are at the calculations
Mainly covering:
TOPIC 1 KEY CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 and PAPER 2- NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
A mock exam will be give after this batch of lessons - something different when you start revision
MOCK EXAM FOR FREE
https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/edexcel-9-1-combined-foundation-chemistry-calculations-mini-mock-topic-1-key-concepts-11832472
Powerpoint with over 50 slides including worked examples, questions for the students to complete and then the answers of the questions.
Some calculations include more than one method, to help stretch the brightest and support the lowest ability students in the FOUNDATION PAPERS.
There is a summary slide for each paper (Paper 1 and Paper 2) and a calculations summary slide to show all the equations that students will need to know.
QUESTIONS ATTACHED TO ALLOW STUDENTS TO WORK INDEPENDENTLY OR AT THEIR OWN PACE (THEY ARE THE SAME QUESTIONS AS IN THE POWERPOINT - SO ALL ANSWERS ARE IN THE POWERPOINT)
Can set as homework or use in a revision lesson.
Calculations include:
Rf Value
Relative Formula Mass
Empirical from molecular
Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula and Mr
Empirical Formula from Reacting masses and % composition
Conservation of Mass
Reacting masses (without moles)
Concentration (g/dm3)
Please leave feedback
Edexcel CC2 Separating Methods for the new 9-1 GCSE
TOPIC 2 PAPER 1 - NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
Learning objectives:
To know two separation techniques
To be able to draw and label diagrams for filtration and crystallisation
To be able to explain how both filtration and crystallisation can be used to separate mixtures
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
Main topics include:
- Crystallisation
- Filtering
-Scientific Drawing
-Summary questions
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
Enjoy !!!!
Please leave a comment and rate
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Edexcel CC10 Electrolytic processes for the new 9-1 GCSE
TOPIC 3 Chemical changes PAPER 1- NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
Learning objectives:
LOWER LESSON
To understand the terms electrolysis, electrolytes, anode, cathode and electrodes
To explain what happens to the ions during electrolysis
To explain what happens to the ions during electrolysis of NaCl
HIGHER LESSON
To understand the terms electrolysis, electrolytes, anode, cathode and electrodes
To explain what happens to the ions during electrolysis of NaCl
To understand the reactions at the electrodes during electrolysis (H)
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
AfL sections and mini quizzes
Reducing the need for photocopying
Main topics include:
- What is an electrolyte?
- What happens to the ions during electrolysis in NaCl (brought forward from 10 b)
- How do you explain the product formed in the electrolysis of sodium chloride?
- HIGHER - How do you explain and represent the reactions taking place at the electrodes in electrolysis - using NaCl as an example
Enjoy !!!!
PLEASE LEAVE FEEDBAll relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)ACK and REVIEWS
PHYSICS - NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
Core Practical 1 - Investigating force, mass and acceleration
Core Practical 2 - Measuring speed of waves in liquids and solids
Core Practical 3 - Investigating Refraction
Core Practical 5 - Investigating Resistance
Core Practical 6 - Investigating Density
Core Practical 7 - Investigating Thermal Energy
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
Enjoy !!!!
Please leave a comment and rate!!
Edexcel CC8 Acid and Alkalis for the new 9-1 GCSE
TOPIC 3 Chemical changes PAPER 1- NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
REVISION MATS - Part 1, 2 and HIGHER STRETCH Part 3
PLEASE NOTE - THESE MATS ARE MEANT TO BE PHOTOCOPIED AND LAMINATED FOR STUDENTS TO WORK ON PAPER (DUE TO LIMITED PHOTOCOPYING WITHIN THE DEPARTMENT CURRENTLY); THEY CAN BE ADAPTED SO STUDENTS CAN WRITE ON THEM BUT THAT IS ENTIRELY YOUR CHOICE
USED FOR REVISION OF Acids and Alkali topics
Main topics include:
- Acid
- Alkali
-Soluble salts
- Insoluble salts
- Balancing equations
- Naming salts
- ionic equations
- Weak and strong acids
- concentrated and dilute acids
- titration
- filtration
- Evaporations
- precipitation reactions
- CORE PRACTICALS
Edexcel CC10 Electrolytic processes for the new 9-1 GCSE
REVISION MATS - Part 1 and HIGHER STRETCH Part 2
USED FOR REVISION OF Electrolysis topics
Main topics include:
-Electroysis
- Electrolytic cell
- Set up and method
- Explain method
- Core practical - copper with inert and copper electrodes
- 1/2 equations
- Predicting products for molten and aqueous solutions
- Exam Questions
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
Enjoy !!!
PLEASE LEAVE FEEDBACK and REVIEWS
Edexcel CC8 Acid and Alkalis for the new 9-1 GCSE
TOPIC 3 Chemical changes PAPER 1- NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
REVISION MATS - Part 1, 2, HIGHER STRETCH Part 3 and Part 4 Methods (Higher and Lower)
USED FOR REVISION OF Acids and Alkali topics
PLEASE NOTE - THESE MATS ARE MEANT TO BE PHOTOCOPIED AND LAMINATED FOR STUDENTS TO WORK ON PAPER (DUE TO LIMITED PHOTOCOPYING WITHIN THE DEPARTMENT CURRENTLY); THEY CAN BE ADAPTED SO STUDENTS CAN WRITE ON THEM BUT THAT IS ENTIRELY YOUR CHOICE
Main topics include:
- Acid
- Alkali
-Soluble salts
- Insoluble salts
- Balancing equations
- Naming salts
- ionic equations
- Weak and strong acids
- concentrated and dilute acids
- titration
- filtration
- Evaporations
- precipitation reactions
- CORE PRACTICALS
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
Enjoy !!!
PLEASE LEAVE FEEDBACK and REVIEWS
NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
Year 10 Mock 2017 or just revision for the following:
Edexcel CC1 States of matter
Edexcel CC2 Separating techniques
Edexcel CC3 Atomic structure
Edexcel CC4 The periodic table
Edexcel CC5 Ionic bonding
Edexcel CC6 Covalent bonding
Edexcel CC7 Types of bonding
Edexcel CC9 Masses
.....for the new 9-1 GCSE
A series of revision session using:
- A series of powerpoints (Lesson 1-4 and 6-8)
- Revision mats (bonding, masses and atoms)
- Whiteboard lessons
What is included:
- Powerpoints (Lesson 1-4 and 6-8)
- Past paper - NOT WITH BUNDLE (Can be found on edexcel website for free - due to copy right I am not allowed to upload it) (Lesson 5)
- PLEASE NOTE: no powerpoints for masses only revision mats (there is too much content for condensed lesson and I have found it works best with revision mats - students can work at their own pace) (Lesson 9)
- Powerpoint for MOLES (Lesson 10)
The information IS condensed and NOT all spec has been added in due to time constraints in our mid-term plan; however the main topics are covered.
All directed at the revision for the Year 10 mock (2016)
As follows:
Lesson 1: State of matter and melting points CC1/Method of separation/CC2- Rock salt/ Method of separation/CC2- Drinking water (L7)- powerpoint
Lesson 2: Method of separation/CC2- Chromatography - CORE P (L4) - powerpoint
Lesson 3: Method of separation/CC2 - Distillation - CORE P (L5/6)- powerpoint
Lesson 4: Atomic structure CC3 - Atomic structure/mass/PEN (L7/8) Atomic structure CC3 - Isotopes (L9/10)- powerpoint
Lesson 5: Past paper - NOT WITH BUNDLE (Can be found on edexcel website for free)
Lesson 6: Types of bonding CC5 - Ionic/properties (L15-17)- powerpoint
Lesson 7: Types of bonding CC6 - Covalent/properties (L18-19)- powerpoint
Lesson 8: Types of substance CC7 - Allotropes/metals/polymers (L20-22) - powerpoint
Lesson 9: Masses CC9 - revision mats without moles
Lesson 10: Moles CC9 - powerpoint
Revision mats: Masses, atoms and bonding
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
AfL sections and mini quizzes
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
Enjoy !!!!
Please leave a comment and rate
Edexcel CC3 and 4 Atomic structure and the periodic table for the new 9-1 GCSE
TOPIC 1 Key concepts of Chemistry PAPER 1 and PAPER 2- NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
REVISION CARDS
The revision cards can be printed on double sided paper and then they can be cut into squares. The answers will be on the reverse of the card.
These are a really good revision resource and last a lifetime once laminated.
USED FOR REVISION OF Atoms and The Periodic Table
Main topics include:
- atoms
- Atomic structure
- Isotopes
- the perodic table
- Mendeleev
- Isotope calculations
- Ar
- Relative atomic mass
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
Enjoy !!!!
PLEASE LEAVE FEEDBACK and REVIEWS
TOPIC 7 Rates of reaction PAPER 2- NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
CC14a Rates of reaction
LESSON 1
To understand reaction rates
To investigate practically different methods for measuring the rate of reaction
To interpret graphs that show the rate of reaction
LESSON 2:
To understand why reactions take place
To know 4 ways to increase the rate of reaction
To be able to calculate rates from graphs
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
All powerpoints have:
- Summary questions
- Independent learning
Some powerpoints have:
- Practical's
- Group activities
- AfL
-Activate learning
-Demonstrate learning
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
Enjoy !!!!
TOPIC 8 Fuels and Earth science PAPER 2- NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
CC17a The Early atmosphere (oceans formed, mars and venus)
L8 The Early Earth and atmosphere
ASSESSING PROGRESS SHEET for a starter
SHEET activity
LESSON
To interpret the evidence available for the composition of the Earth’s early atmosphere
To be able to describe the Earths’ early atmosphere
To explain how oceans formed
Exam questions not added due to copy write
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
All powerpoints have:
- Summary questions
- Independent learning
Some powerpoints have:
- Practical's
- Group activities
- AfL
-Activate learning
-Demonstrate learning
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
Enjoy !!!!
AQA AS level Unit 1 Section 1 Atomic structure
Using the specification and books
No exam questions are included due to copy right
Including:
Homework booklets
Assessment sheets
Interactive powerpoints (rarely seen in A-level)
LESSON 3: MASS SPECTROMETER
To recall how to calculate the Ar and Mr
To understand the m/z ratio
To know how a mass spectrometer operates
LESSON 4: MASS SPECTRA ANALYSIS
To understand how to interpret a mass spectrum and calculate relative atomic mass
To understand how to work out the relative molecular/formula mass
To consolidate with questions
ENJOY!!!
Please rate and comment in order to further improve
Edexcel CC25 Qualitative analysis: Test for ions for the new 9-1 GCSE
TOPIC 9 SEPARATE SCIENCE PAPER 2 - NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
Included:
1 Lesson
Evaluation sheet for the core practical (student sheet)
Assessment points - purple sheet assessment
CLONE THE TEACHER - help during a practical lesson that requires less input from the teacher (to allow them to push themselves)
10 plenary questions
Part 1 of the CORE PRACTICAL - flame tests and microscale metal cation identification
Learning objectives:
To describe flame tests to identify ions in solids
To explain how metal ions are identified using sodium hydroxide solution
To be able to write ionic half equations for the formation of metal hydroxides
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
AfL sections and mini quizzes
Reducing the need for photocopying
No exam questions due to copy write
Main topics include:
- Identification of metal cations (with sodium hydroxide solution)
- Flame tests
- Describe the chemical test for ammonia
- Describe the chemical test for Carbon dioxide
Enjoy !!!!
PLEASE LEAVE FEEDBACK and REVIEWS
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
Edexcel 9-1 TOPIC 9 Sc24a Qualitative analysis-Polymers SEPARATE or TRIPLE PAPER 2
Edexcel CC24 Qualitative analysis: Polymers for the new 9-1 GCSE
TOPIC 9 SEPARATE SCIENCE PAPER 2 - NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
Learning objectives: LESSON 1
Objectives:
To recall the terms polymer, monomer and polymerisation
To explain additional polymerisation reactions
To identify naturally occuring polymers
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
AfL sections and mini quizzes
Reducing the need for photocopying
No exam questions due to copy write
Main topics include:
-Polymers
-Polymer paper chains (at the start of the lesson)
- Ethene and polyethene
- PVC, PTFE and poly(propene)
-Monomers to polymers
-polymers to monomers
- DNA, STARCH and PROTEIN - naturally occurring polymers
-polymer, monomer and polymerisation
- additional polymers for PVC, PTFE
Enjoy !!!!
PLEASE LEAVE FEEDBACK and REVIEWS
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)